<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD BITS Book Interchange DTD v2.3 20210610//EN" "BITS-book2.3.dtd"> <book xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" book-type="conference-proceedings" dtd-version="2.3" xml:lang="ru"> <front> <book-meta>  <book-id book-id-type="isbn">978-5-907411-32-6</book-id>   <book-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31483/a-10272</book-id>   <title-group>  <book-title xml:lang="ru">Социально-экономические процессы современного общества: теория и практика</book-title>   <trans-title-group xml:lang="en"> <trans-title>Socio-Economic Processes of Modern Society</trans-title> </trans-title-group>  </title-group>  <description xml:lang="ru"> <p>В сборнике представлены статьи участников Всероссийской научно-практической конференции «Социально-экономические процессы современного общества: теория и практика». В материалах сборника приведены результаты теоретических и прикладных изысканий представителей научного и образовательного сообщества в данной области.</p> </description>   <contrib-group>  <contrib contrib-type="editor" id="editor1">    <name-alternatives>  <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"> <surname>Фомин</surname> <given-names>Эдуард Валентинович</given-names> </name>   <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"> <surname>Fomin</surname> <given-names>Eduard Valentinovich</given-names> </name>  </name-alternatives>  <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6708-9909</contrib-id> <email xlink:type="simple">yeresen@yandex.ru</email> </contrib>  </contrib-group>   <contrib-group>  <contrib contrib-type="member-of-organizing-committee" id="orgcomm1">    <name-alternatives>  <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"> <surname>Баскакова</surname> <given-names>Наталья Ивановна</given-names> </name>   <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"> <surname>Baskakova</surname> <given-names>Natalya Ivanovna</given-names> </name>  </name-alternatives>  <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4451-5909</contrib-id> </contrib>  <contrib contrib-type="member-of-organizing-committee" id="orgcomm2">    <name-alternatives>  <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"> <surname>Фомин</surname> <given-names>Эдуард Валентинович</given-names> </name>   <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"> <surname>Fomin</surname> <given-names>Eduard Valentinovich</given-names> </name>  </name-alternatives>  <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6708-9909</contrib-id> </contrib>  <contrib contrib-type="member-of-organizing-committee" id="orgcomm3">    <name-alternatives>  <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"> <surname>Арестова</surname> <given-names>Вероника Юрьевна</given-names> </name>   <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"> <surname>Arestova</surname> <given-names>Veronika Jur&#039;evna</given-names> </name>  </name-alternatives>  <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4450-5505</contrib-id> </contrib>  <contrib contrib-type="member-of-organizing-committee" id="orgcomm4">    <name-alternatives>  <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"> <surname>Григорьева</surname> <given-names>Лариса Георгиевна</given-names> </name>   </name-alternatives>   </contrib>  <contrib contrib-type="member-of-organizing-committee" id="orgcomm5">    <name-alternatives>  <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"> <surname>Фомин</surname> <given-names>Эдуард Валентинович</given-names> </name>   <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"> <surname>Fomin</surname> <given-names>Eduard Valentinovich</given-names> </name>  </name-alternatives>  <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6708-9909</contrib-id> </contrib>  </contrib-group>   <event>  <event-desc xml:lang="ru">Социально-экономические процессы современного общества: теория и практика</event-desc>   <event-desc xml:lang="en">Socio-Economic Processes of Modern Society</event-desc>   <conf-date> <day>21</day> <month>05</month> <year>2021</year> </conf-date>    <conf-loc xml:lang="ru">Чебоксары</conf-loc>  </event>   <publisher> <publisher-name>ИД «Среда»</publisher-name> </publisher>    <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic" iso-8601-date="2021"> <year>2021</year> </pub-date>    <permissions>  <copyright-statement xml:lang="en">© 2021 Aleksandr I. Kugai</copyright-statement>   <copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">© 2021 Кугай А. И.</copyright-statement>   <copyright-year>2021</copyright-year>  <copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кугай А. И.</copyright-holder>   <copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Aleksandr I. Kugai</copyright-holder>    <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en" xlink:type="simple"> <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)</license-p> </license>   <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="ru" xlink:type="simple"> <license-p>Это произведение доступно по лицензии Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)</license-p> </license>   </permissions>  </book-meta> <book-part book-part-type="conference-paper"> <book-part-meta>   <book-id custom-type="publisher-id" pub-id-type="custom">98160</book-id> <title-group>  <chapter-title xml:lang="ru">Избирательные квоты и политическая конкуренция</chapter-title>   <trans-title-group xml:lang="en"> <trans-title>Izbiratel&#039;nye kvoty i politicheskaia konkurentsiia</trans-title> </trans-title-group>  </title-group>  <contrib-group>   <contrib contrib-type="author" id="author1">   <name-alternatives>  <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"> <surname>Кугай</surname> <given-names>Александр Иванович</given-names> </name>   <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"> <surname>Kugai</surname> <given-names>Aleksandr Ivanovich</given-names> </name>   </name-alternatives>  <email xlink:type="simple">kugay3@yandex.ru</email> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/> </contrib>    <aff-alternatives id="aff1">   <aff xml:lang="ru">  <institution>Северо-Западный институт управления ФГБОУ ВО «Российская академия народного хозяйства и государственной службы при Президенте РФ»</institution>   <country>Россия</country> </aff>    <aff xml:lang="en">  <institution>Severo-Zapadnyi institut upravleniia FGBOU VO &quot;Rossiiskaia akademiia narodnogo khoziaistva i gosudarstvennoi sluzhby pri Prezidente RF&quot;</institution>   <country>Russia</country> </aff>   </aff-alternatives>  </contrib-group>   <fpage>248</fpage> <lpage>250</lpage>   <abstract xml:lang="ru"> <p>большинство полиэтничных стран используют различные средства для обеспечения того, чтобы недопредставленные этнические группы получили законодательное представительство, включая зарезервированные места и квоты для списков политических партий. Несмотря на то что такие меры являются политическим вмешательством, в литературе в основном игнорируется их влияние на избирательную конкуренцию. В статье утверждается, что зарезервированные места уменьшают количество жизнеспособных кандидатов и увеличивают степень конкуренции вокруг крупных партий. Более того, эти эффекты наиболее выражены на выборах более низкого уровня, где кандидаты могут более легко баллотироваться вне основных партийных ярлыков. Опираясь на литературу, связанную с избирательным процессом в Индии, установлено, что эффективное число кандидатов ниже в избирательных округах, притом что количество независимых кандидатов ниже, а доля голосов основных партий выше. Эти эффекты наиболее заметны на местных выборах и наименее заметны на общенациональных.</p> </abstract>           <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">  <kwd>избирательный процесс</kwd>  <kwd>этнические группы</kwd>  <kwd>квоты</kwd>  <kwd>политическая конкуренция</kwd>  </kwd-group>        </book-part-meta> </book-part> </front>  <back> <ref-list> <title>References</title>  <ref id="ref1"> <label>1</label> <citation-alternatives>  <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кугай А.И. Проблема нациестроительства в свете концепции М.В. Ломоносова // Управленческое консультирование. – 2012. – №2 (46). – С. 32–38.</mixed-citation>    </citation-alternatives> <element-citation publication-type="other">  <person-group person-group-type="author">  <name> <surname>Кугай</surname> <given-names>А. 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