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List of publications on a keyword: «чуваши»

  • Ethnic myth-making in cyberspace as a factor of representation of Chuvash ethnicity

    Research Article
    Ethnic Culture Volume 6 No 3
    Author:
    Aleksey S. Rogovoy
    Work direction:
    Ethnography, Ethnology and Anthropology
    Abstract:
    The article is devoted to the study of Chuvash ethnic myth-making in cyberspace. The aim of the work is to determine its role as one of the factors of ethnicity representation. The study is based on the analysis of the relevant content presented on popular web platforms and social networks YouTube, Rutube, Zen, VKontakte, Odnoklassniki. The study identifies a certain section of content offered by search algorithms as the most viewed and included in thematic collections and playlists. The author examines the myth-making components of the Internet space, characterizes formats and plots, identifies their authors, and studies the audience's reaction to the content. Data analysis showed that ethnic myth-making has a positive effect on the representation of the Chuvash culture. Despite some inaccuracies in the information, such material generally evokes positive emotions in users. Information in video and text format is published on popular Russian platforms, making ethno-myth-creating content accessible to a wide audience. The myths created by the authors reflect their desire to show the antiquity and significance of the Chuvash people, which helps the Chuvash people to understand their identity, place and role in the world. Ethno-myth-creating content on the Internet increases interest in the Chuvash culture, promoting its popularization and representation.
    Keywords:
    Chuvash, cyberspace, ethnic myth-making, ethnicity, representation
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  • Vklad vydaiushchikhsia iuristov urozhentsev Chuvashii v razvitie iuridicheskogo obrazovaniia i professional'nogo soobshchestva regiona

    Proceeding
    Education, innovation, research as a resource for community development
    Authors:
    Nikita I. Danilov, Elena K. Mineeva
    Work direction:
    Образовательный процесс в высшей профессиональной школе
    Abstract:
    Актуальность проблематики представленной статьи определяется значимостью анализа вклада ключевых фигур в формирование и развитие юридической системы образования в Чувашской Республике в условиях социально-экономических и политических преобразований на рубеже XX и XXI веков. В этот период регион, как и вся страна, переживал значительные изменения, которые требовали адаптации юридической системы образования к новым условиям и вызовам, включая потребность в высококвалифицированных правовых специалистах. Исследование вклада выдающихся юристов региона в эти процессы помогает не только глубже понять механизмы развития юридического образования, но и выявить способы повышения его качества и доступности в современных условиях, а также способствует формированию стратегий дальнейшего развития профессионального сообщества.
    Keywords:
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  • Ritual functions of clothing in the memorial rites of the Chuvashs

    Research Article
    Ethnic Culture Volume 6 No 2
    Author:
    Igor G. Petrov
    Work direction:
    Ethnography, Ethnology and Anthropology
    Abstract:
    Clothes perform many functions functions. One of them is the ritual function, according to which it becomes an important tool or object of various magical practices. In this article, using the example of the сhuvashs of the Volga-Ural region, the functions of the deceased’s clothes in the customs and rituals of the memorial cycle are considered. On separate thematic blocks, the role of clothing as a ritual item at large commemorations, at the fortieth day commemoration, as well as at general summer commemorations was investigated. The article is based on published works on the history and ethnography of the chuvashs of the 19th – early 20th centuries, archival sources, as well as field materials of the author collected in different years in the Republic of Bashkortostan and the Republic of Tatarstan. It has been revealed that in the funeral rites, clothes appear and are actively used as a substitute for the deceased, as well as an offering addressed to the deceased on behalf of living relatives. Thanks to these qualities, clothing is one of the important and universal means of communication between the world of the living and the world of the dead. Rites with clothes in memorial rites have been preserved and exist in modern ritual practice. Such stability, on the one hand, is due to the deep archaic and conservative funeral rite as a whole, on the other hand, the comparative stability of this ritual to modern innovations.
    Keywords:
    Volga-Ural region, Chuvashs, funeral and memorial rites, clothing and its ritual functions
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  • The succession of generations of defenders of the Motherland: Chuvashia's officers – sons of veterans of the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945

    Proceeding
    University as a factor of Modernization of Russia: History and Prospects (to the 55th anniversary of the I.N. Ulyanov ChSU)
    Authors:
    Oleg V. Andreev, Semen N. Bliniaev
    Work direction:
    Наследие Великой Победы и преемственность поколений
    Abstract:
    The article is devoted to preserving the continuity of two generations of the sons of the Chuvash people in the defense of the Fatherland. The exploits of the representatives of the older generation who defended their homeland – the Soviet Union in the fight against the fascist invaders in 1941–1945 and the successors of their cause – the sons of officers who served in the Russian Armed Forces. Their role and place in strengthening the country's defense capability and patriotic education of young people are revealed.
    Keywords:
    officer, Russia, patriotic education, Chuvashia, the Great Patriotic War, USSR, front-line soldier, defender of the Fatherland, succession of generations
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  • Heroism of a native of Chuvashia I. G. Meshakov during the crossing of the Southern Bug River in March 1944

    Proceeding
    University as a factor of Modernization of Russia: History and Prospects (to the 55th anniversary of the I.N. Ulyanov ChSU)
    Author:
    Lev A. Efimov
    Work direction:
    Вклад народов Поволжья в дело Победы
    Abstract:
    In the article, the author, based on the extensive use of archival documents introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, as well as published literature in regional historiography, objectively highlights the military exploits of I. G. Meshakov, a native of the village of Basurmanovo in the Morgaush municipal District of Chuvashia, on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War, who was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union in March 1944 when crossing the Southern Bug River.
    Keywords:
    Great Patriotic War, Chuvashia, Hero of the Soviet Union, Basurmany village, 1944, Yuzhny Bug River, Meshakov I.G
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  • The Fight Against Desertion from the Defense Enterprises of Chuvashia During the Great Patriotic War

    Proceeding
    University as a factor of Modernization of Russia: History and Prospects (to the 55th anniversary of the I.N. Ulyanov ChSU)
    Author:
    Evgenii V. Kasimov
    Work direction:
    Вклад народов Поволжья в дело Победы
    Abstract:
    The author shows the extent of the spread of labor desertion on the territory of the Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic during the Great Patriotic War, considers the methods of struggle of law enforcement agencies of Chuvashia with unauthorized withdrawal from defense enterprises and military field construction in 1941–1945.
    Keywords:
    Great Patriotic War, Chuvashia, desertion, defense enterprises, military field construction, Military Tribunal of the Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
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  • CHUVASHIA'S CONTRIBUTION TO THE OVERALL VICTORY

    Proceeding
    University as a factor of Modernization of Russia: History and Prospects (to the 55th anniversary of the I.N. Ulyanov ChSU)
    Authors:
    Olga G. Sorokina, Elena N. Bezrukina
    Work direction:
    Вклад народов Поволжья в дело Победы
    Abstract:
    The article examines the situation of Chuvashia during the war, namely the condition of villages, the evacuation of industrial enterprises and the transition to a military manner.
    Keywords:
    the Great Patriotic War, Chuvashia during the war years
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  • National assistance to the front in the period of the Great Patriotic War

    Proceeding
    University as a factor of Modernization of Russia: History and Prospects (to the 55th anniversary of the I.N. Ulyanov ChSU)
    Author:
    Elena V. Sukhova
    Work direction:
    Вклад народов Поволжья в дело Победы
    Abstract:
    The article reveals the development of various forms of national assistance to the Red Army in the period of the Great Patriotic War, the role of state and party organs in organization and support of this noble patriotic initiative.
    Keywords:
    Chuvashia, the Great Patriotic War, Defense Fund, Komsomol, national assistance to the front, Communist Party, labour collectives, collecting warm clothes, assistance to liberated areas
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  • The coverage of the history of the Great Patriotic war on the pages of the «Chuvash Encyclopaedia»

    Proceeding
    University as a factor of Modernization of Russia: History and Prospects (to the 55th anniversary of the I.N. Ulyanov ChSU)
    Author:
    Nataliia S. Golovina
    Work direction:
    Проблемы отражения событий войны в исторической памяти и мемориальной культуре
    Abstract:
    The article reports the pecularities of the coverage of the war period in the multivolume «Сhuvash Encyclopaedia». Theme and biographical war articles have been analysed. The articles containing war information show the military and labour contribution of Сhuvashia into the victory over the nazi Germany.
    Keywords:
    the Great Patriotic War, Сhuvashia, Сhuvash Encyclopaedia, war articles, war heroes
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  • Aspects of the labor heroism of Cheboksary residents during the Great Patriotic War on the pages of the newspaper Krasnaya Chuvashia

    Proceeding
    University as a factor of Modernization of Russia: History and Prospects (to the 55th anniversary of the I.N. Ulyanov ChSU)
    Author:
    Petr N. Matiushin
    Work direction:
    Проблемы отражения событий войны в исторической памяти и мемориальной культуре
    Abstract:
    The article examines certain aspects of the labor activity of the city of Cheboksary during the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945. Based on the materials of the central organ of the periodical press of the region – the newspaper Krasnaya Chuvashia. The main groups of information characteristic for the formation of the image of the rear city of the Volga region during the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945 are highlighted.
    Keywords:
    Cheboksary, the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945, labor feat, Krasnaya Chuvashia newspaper
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  • Voprosy etnogeneza chuvashskogo naroda v nauchnom tvorchestve P.V. Denisova

    Proceeding
    Topical Issues of Archaeology, Ethnography and History
    Author:
    Leonid A. Taimasov
    Work direction:
    Эпоха советской этнографии: памяти доктора исторических наук, профессора П.В. Денисова
    Abstract:
    В статье рассмотрены научные исследования профессора П.В. Денисова, в которых представлено его видение этногенеза чувашей. Интерес к этой научной проблеме у него возник еще в годы учебы в Казанском университете, когда вопросы истории татар и чувашей приобрели особую актуальность в связи с принятием специального постановления ЦК ВКП(б) «О состоянии и мерах улучшения массово-политической и идеологической работы в Татарской партийной организации». К разработке вопросов этногенеза татар и чувашей были привлечены ведущие ученые страны. Благодаря тщательному анализу литературы, источников, полевых материалов, а также общению со своими учителями и коллегами, среди которых были Н.И. Воробьев, Н.В. Никольский, Е.П. Бусыгин, А.П. Смирнов, С.А. Токарев, Л.Н. Гумилев, В.Ф. Каховский, И.Д. Кузнецов и др., у П.В. Денисова сложилась твердая позиция по проблеме происхождения чувашского народа. В своих монографиях, научных и публицистических статьях он внес дополнительные аргументы в пользу булгаро-суварской теории. В разные периоды научной деятельности он испытывал влияние политических перемен, авторитетных мнений, что в той или иной форме нашло отражение в его публикациях, однако концепция булгаро-чувашской этнокультурной преемственности оставалась незыблемой. В современной историко-этнографической науке продолжают доминировать теоретические концепции происхождения чувашского народа, изложенные в концентрированном виде в его энциклопедических статьях.
    Keywords:
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  • Traditsionnaia odezhda chuvashei v trudakh P.V. Denisova

    Proceeding
    Topical Issues of Archaeology, Ethnography and History
    Author:
    Nataliia I. Zakharova kuleva
    Work direction:
    Эпоха советской этнографии: памяти доктора исторических наук, профессора П.В. Денисова
    Abstract:
    В статье анализируются труды П.В. Денисова, в которых рассмотрены предметы чувашской традиционной одежды, украшения, их происхождение и параллели с дунайскими болгарами. В работе автор использует сравнительные материалы, опирается на археологические и лингвистические данные.
    Keywords:
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  • Sorminskaia kiremet' v iazycheskoi religioznoi zhizni "verkhovykh" chuvashei

    Proceeding
    Topical Issues of Archaeology, Ethnography and History
    Author:
    Lev A. Efimov
    Work direction:
    Народы Поволжья и Приуралья: традиции и новации межкультурного взаимодействия
    Abstract:
    В статье исследуются вопросы языческой религиозной жизни верховых чуваш до христианизации, показано устройство и деятельность Сорминскрой киремети, святым местом которого было киреметище, где проводились обряды моления и принятия жертвенных трапез. Киреметище находилось в лесу, севернее д. Актай Чувашско-Сорминской волости (ныне – на границах Аликовского и Моргаушского муниципального округов Чувашской Республики). Во второй половине XVIII века в связи с началом христианизации в чувашском крае, Сорминская киреметь была разрушена церковниками, а чуваши-язычники стали подвергаться преследованиям за поклонения языческим богам и киреметям. К настоящему времени в сорминском крае отголоски от язычества сохранились лишь в некоторых культовых обычаях и традициях.
    Keywords:
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  • Zhenskie obriady i trudovye traditsii chuvashek, sviazannye so skotovodstvom, vtoroi poloviny XIX - nachala XX veka

    Proceeding
    Topical Issues of Archaeology, Ethnography and History
    Authors:
    Inga V. Dmitrieva, Nikolai A. Petrov
    Work direction:
    Культура народов Волго-Уралья
    Abstract:
    В работе рассматриваются обряды, связанные с животноводством, главной исполнительницей которых выступала женщина. Роль женщины в животноводческой обрядности наиболее выражена в первом весеннем выгоне скота и обрядах, связанные с отелом коровы (ĕне ырри). Основное содержание обрядовых действий направлено на обеспечение благополучия домашних животных, семьи и сельского общества. Сакральные знания, а также трудовые приемы и навыки, связанные с животноводством, передавались в рамках чувашской семьи и общины.
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  • Transformatsiia obriada initsiirovaniia dozhdia cumar chyk u chuvashei

    Proceeding
    Topical Issues of Archaeology, Ethnography and History
    Authors:
    Evgeniia V. Sergeeva, Anna A. Antipina
    Work direction:
    Культура народов Волго-Уралья
    Abstract:
    В статье исследуется один из обрядов чувашей земледельческого цикла – çумăр чÿк. Показана трансформация проведения моления с жертвоприношением в гендерном аспекте.
    Keywords:
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  • Traditions of Chuvash and Kalmyck fairy tale epic

    Review Article
    Ethnic Culture Volume 5 No 3
    Author:
    Anton K. Salmin
    Work direction:
    Ethnography, Ethnology and Anthropology
    Abstract:
    The article is devoted to a long-term dispute about the peculiarity / non-property of the fairy tale genre of the typical features of the heroic epos. On the basis of the historical-typological method and the method of plot analysis, the corpus of texts of the Chuvash and Kalmyk fairy tale epic has been studied. The study considers the main works devoted to this problem, compares the relevant Chuvash texts with the Kalmyk fairytale epic, points to the incorporation of the biography and exploits of the fairytale hero in the heroic epic “Dzhangar”. The author also considers such blocks of heroic matchmaking as the childlessness of parents, a miraculous origin, heroic childhood and martial arts. All these motives are inherent in both the heroic tale and the heroic epic. The heroic traditions of the Chuvash and Kalmyk fairy tale epic are expressed in ethno-cultural realities, plot, epic motifs, and artistic devices. At the same time, researchers have no reason to talk about the complete identity of the ideological and artistic complex of the heroic epic and the heroic tale. The heroic epic and fairy tale are essentially differentiated genres. Here, one can speak as much as possible about the epic nature of heroic tales, about similarities and diffusion, but not about complete identity, and, naturally, there is no need to complete the magic-heroic tale to the classical epic. The publication contributes to the substantiation of the main features of the heroic epos in the heroic tale.
    Keywords:
    traditions, Chuvash, Heroic fairy tale, Kalmyks
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  • The rite seren in the Chuvash villages of the Republic of Bashkortostan: traditions and modern local features

    Research Article
    Ethnic Culture Volume 5 No 2
    Author:
    Igor G. Petrov
    Work direction:
    Ethnography, Ethnology and Anthropology
    Abstract:
    The article deals with the issues of modern existence of the cleansing rite of the spring cycle sĕren among the Chuvash living on the territory of the Republic of Bashkortostan. This topic has not yet become an object of scientific study, which determines the relevance of this work. The purpose of the study is to study the local features of the rite, as well as the processes of its transformation at the current stage, tasks – a brief analysis of the historiography of the issue in scientific literature, a general description of the essence and content of the ritual, its local manifestations in various areas of residence of the Chuvash, the role of the rite in modern ritual practice. The study was conducted using the principles of historicism, objectivity, consistency, specificity, as well as special methods of field ethnography – included observation and interviews. The work is based on the author’s field materials collected in 2002–2004, 2020, 2022 years in the Chuvash villages of the western, southwestern, central and southern regions of the republic. The results of the study showed that the seren rite has undergone significant changes in recent decades. In most settlements, he completely fell out of ritual life and remained in the memory of old-timers, in others he underwent reduction and decreased on a scale and continues his existence as a vital ritual. The latter is probably due to the stability of traditional religious ideas among the Chuvash of the region, which sometimes contribute to the situational reproduction of the rite in different rural communities.
    Keywords:
    Chuvash, Republic of Bashkortostan, ritual culture, cleansing rite seren, local variants and features
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  • Studenty Chuvashii ob uchebe i volonterskoi deiatel'nosti

    Proceeding
    University as a factor of Modernization of Russia: History and Prospects (to the 55th anniversary of the I.N. Ulyanov ChSU)
    Authors:
    I I. Boiko, V G. Kharitonova
    Work direction:
    Российское студенчество в историческом прошлом и на современном этапе
    Abstract:
    В статье рассмотрены отдельные вопросы учебной и общественной работы студентов трех крупнейших вузов Чувашии. Использованы данные опросов, проведенных в 2019–2022 гг. Обращено внимание на оценки респондентами дистанционного обучения. Выявлен уровень участия молодежи в различных формах общественного, прежде всего, волонтерского движения. Отмечено его значение для студентов, а также отмечены причины, препятствующие реализации различных качеств обучающихся в общественных движениях.
    Keywords:
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  • Project Activity in Cultural and Educational Institutions: Theory, Methodology, Practice

    Proceeding
    Project Activity in Cultural and Educational Institutions: Theory, Methodology, Practice
    Authors:
    Work direction:
    Все направления
    Abstract:
    В сборнике размещены методические разработки финалистов Конкурса профессионального мастерства работников учреждений культуры и образования имени Г.Н. Волкова Всероссийского фестиваля «Краски Чувашии-2022». Приведены результаты теоретических и практических изысканий сотрудников учреждений образования и культуры в сфере нравственно-эстетического и патриотического воспитания, краеведения, изучения родного языка, основ изобразительного, музыкального и хореографического искусства. Статьи представлены в авторской редакции.
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  • Izmeneniia traditsionnoi detskoi odezhdy chuvashei vo vtoroi polovine KhIKh - pervykh desiatiletiiakh XXI v.

    Proceeding
    Topical Issues of Archaeology, Ethnography and History
    Authors:
    Inga V. Dmitrieva, Nikolai A. Petrov
    Work direction:
    Археология и этнография Волго-Уралья
    Abstract:
    Традиционная одежда является важнейшей составляющей жизни человека и общества. В этнографии детства одежда являлась обязательным атрибутом в обрядности. Традиционная детская одежда в настоящее время не используется в повседневной жизни, однако она широко представлена в ряде культурно-массовых мероприятий, проводимых в регионе. В работе предпринята попытка проследить основные изменения в традиционной детской одежде чувашей.
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  • Osveshchenie mezhetnicheskogo vzaimodeistviia mordvy i chuvashei v etnograficheskoi literature

    Proceeding
    Topical Issues of Archaeology, Ethnography and History
    Authors:
    Nataliia I. Alekseeva, Nikolai A. Petrov
    Work direction:
    Археология и этнография Волго-Уралья
    Abstract:
    Среднее Поволжье, являясь одним из полиэтнических и мультикультурных регионов нашей страны, дает уникальную возможность исследовать процессы формирования и развития межэтнических коммуникаций. Значительный интерес представляют взаимоотношения народов в этноконтактных зонах. В статье приведены результаты этнографических исследований, которые отражают общие и особенные черты в традиционной культуре народов в различных пространственно-временных рамках. Особое внимание уделено мордве, проживающей на территории Чувашии. Исследование позволило выявить и проанализировать элементы ее традиционной культуры, сложившиеся в следствие взаимодействия с чувашским этносом. Статья расширяет и дополняет сведения по этнографии народов в полиэтническом регионе.
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  • The Language and Culture of the Siberian Chuvash as an Object Of Research

    Review Article
    Ethnic Culture Volume 4 No 1
    Author:
    Albina Kiran
    Work direction:
    Ethnography, Ethnology and Anthropology
    Abstract:
    This article is devoted to the problem of maintaining and preserving the ethnic culture and language of the Chuvash living in Western Siberia. The purpose of the work is to initiate the beginning of linguistic and, in general, ethnographic studies of this diaspora group of the Chuvash people, the existence of which is an interesting scientific problem. The author mainly relies on the already published scientific developments of Siberian scientists. In fact, these studies are written in the genre of an essay. It provides information about the language, demographic situation, folklore and religion of the Chuvash of the specified region. Studies have shown that the Chuvash of the metropolis and Siberia retain many common features in traditions, customs, religious practice and culture. Their first generation tries to preserve the ethnic culture to the maximum extent possible. The new settlers, as a rule, speak the language and observe the traditional ritual and festive culture, while representatives of the Chuvash Republic often take a significant part in their life. Subsequent generations are more exposed to the processes of language shift and de-ethnization. Observations show that in order to maintain and preserve an ethnic culture, it is extremely important to recognize the need to maintain an ethnic language.
    Keywords:
    language, population, ethnic culture, Siberian Chuvash
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  • Training students of the College of Culture for a stage performance of the Chuvash folk dance

    Review Article
    Ethnic Culture Volume 4 No 1
    Author:
    Liudmila N. Nyanina
    Work direction:
    Ethno-Cultural Problems of Education
    Abstract:
    Folk dance is an important tool in preparing students of the College of Culture for teaching as leaders of an amateur creative team. The content of their training includes the choreographic creativity of different peoples. The purpose of the article is to determine the necessary and sufficient minimum knowledge about the specific features of the Chuvash national choreography so that students can use this knowledge to implement choreographic productions, improve performing techniques and embody the manner of performing the Chuvash folk dance. The material of the research was the author's long-term observations of the Chuvash folk choreography, passed through personal experience of staging dances for the professional stage. The work is based on the description method and in general is of a review nature. Folk dance is the most expressive layer of the Chuvash culture. It contains a significant potential necessary to maintain the vital properties of the Chuvash ethnos. In particular, it has unique ethnic features and only in some cases allows borrowing from other peoples. In general, the Chuvash dance in movements repeats the aesthetics of national embroidery. Important properties in the Chuvash dance are endowed with hands: women's movements are extremely smooth and slow, men's are sharp and fast. The position of the hands, combined with the movement of the legs and the body as a whole, create a unique ethnic flavor. Chuvash dances have dialectal differences according to ethnographic groups, while they are based on a single complex, historically dating back to rituals and ceremonies.
    Keywords:
    ethnography, Chuvash, folk dance, hand position in the dance
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  • Project Activity in Cultural and Educational Institutions: Theory, Methodology, Practice

    Proceeding
    Project Activity in Cultural and Educational Institutions: Theory, Methodology, Practice
    Authors:
    Work direction:
    Все направления
    Abstract:
    В сборнике размещены методические разработки финалистов Конкурса профессионального мастерства работников учреждений культуры и образования имени Г.Н. Волкова Всероссийского фестиваля «Краски Чувашии-2020». Приведены результаты теоретических и практических изысканий сотрудников учреждений образования и культуры в сфере нравственно-эстетического и патриотического воспитания, краеведения, изучения родного языка, основ изобразительного, музыкального и хореографического искусства. Статьи представлены в авторской редакции.
    Keywords:
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  • Ethnocultural Relations in the Republics of the Middle-Volga Region

    Research Article
    Ethnic Culture Volume 3 No 4
    Author:
    Veronika J. Arestova
    Work direction:
    Ethnography, Ethnology and Anthropology
    Abstract:
    The information presented in the article describes the results of the sociological survey of ethnic and cultural relations in the Ethnic Republics of the Volga Federal District, namely the Chuvash Republic and the Mari El Republic. The purpose of the research was to highlight issues concerning some aspects of ethnic culture, specifically intercultural communication among young people (of 16–30 years old) in Cheboksary (the capital city of the Chuvash Republic) and Yoshkar-Ola (the capital city of the Mari El Republic). The research was focused on revealing the tolerant or intolerant, respectful or disrespectful attitude of native young people (representatives of the prevalent ethnicity) to other ethnic groups. The study was conducted using the methods of interviewing by means of computer-assisted web questionnaire. The answers were collected from university students. In conclusion, it was established that in general, native people from the Chuvash Republic and the Mari El Republic are non-conflict, tolerant and friendly.
    Keywords:
    intercultural communication, Chuvash, ethnic and cultural relations, Mari, ethnic groups
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