Ivan A. Rozhkov

This article examines the cyclical nature of reforms and counterreforms in Russia as a factor determining the characteristics of its modernization. It analyzes the causes of resistance to change in various periods, from the reforms of Peter the Great to contemporary political processes. It identifies sociocultural and institutional patterns that hinder consistent modernization. It highlights the tension between technological development and the preservation of political institutions. This article is important in the context of contemporary challenges of global competition and technological ind...

The article examines the fundamental role of the apparatus of discrete mathematics, in particular set theory and mathematical logic, in the design and development of intelligent educational environments (IEDs). The key tasks of IEDs are analyzed, such as knowledge formalization, adaptive planning of learning trajectories, gap diagnosis and generation of personalized tasks, the solution of which is based on operations on sets, Boolean algebra, logical rules and predicate calculus. It is proved that the use of these formal methods makes it possible to move from intuitive design of educational co...