List of publications on a keyword: «тала»
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Possibilities to apply comparative approach to valuation for Russian companies
Proceeding
Relevant issues of management, economics and economic security- Authors:
- Alina V. Gezha, Iuliia S. Tsertseil
- Work direction:
- Анализ и прогнозирование основных тенденций современной экономики на макро-, мезо- и микроуровне
- Abstract:
- This article considers the problems of applying the comparative approach to the valuation of Russian companies. The methods of comparative approach to business valuation are studied. PJSC Acron value by the method of companies – analogues is calculated. It is concluded that the method of companies – analogues with multiplicators is the most applicable for Russian companies and whole market.
- Keywords:
- company value, comparative approach, appraisal activities, capital market method, transaction method, industry-averaged multiples, companies – analogues, multiplicators
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Sotsial'no-pedagogicheskaia podderzhka detei s ogranichennymi vozmozhnostiami zdorov'ia
Proceeding
Socio-Pedagogical Issues of Education and Upbringing- Author:
- Karina A. Grechkina
- Work direction:
- Социальная педагогика
- Abstract:
- Статья освещает вопрос социально-педагогической поддержки детей с ограниченными возможностями здоровья. Рассматриваются основные задачи, методы и подходы, а также значение взаимодействия со специалистами, семьей и обществом в целом. Особое внимание уделяется необходимости создания инклюзивной среды, профессиональной подготовке педагогов и использованию инновационных технологий в образовании. Статья призвана подчеркнуть важность комплексного и гуманного подхода к обучению и социализации детей с особыми потребностями, а также мотивировать общество к активному участию в этом процессе.
- Keywords:
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A Large City as a Precursor to the Development of Alternative School Education
Research Article
Development of education Volume 6 No 4- Authors:
- Elena Y. Petryaeva, Anna G. Istomina
- Work direction:
- Pedagogy and Modern Education
- Abstract:
- A large city 'gives birth' to groups of carriers of certain ideas, values, and attitudes, who seek each other out. Parents choose schools that appear closer to their own values, where the methods of transmitting these values and the forms of classes seem more preferable and coherent. Schools 'attract' those parents whose basic life attitudes align and correlate with the school's mission, values, and strategy. The study aimed to identify factors influencing the development of alternative education in large cities. To achieve this, information was collected and analyzed on 667 private alternative educational projects in the five largest cities of Russia (Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Kazan). In each city, five leaders of private alternative educational projects were identified and interviewed in-depth. Interviews and focus groups were also conducted with experts in alternative education. The study revealed that the concentration of maximum professional, infrastructural, economic, cultural, religious, political-ideological, and social diversity in large cities is a precondition for the development of alternative school education. Stimulating factors for the development of alternative education in large cities include overcrowded schools and the quality of education not meeting parents' expectations. The factor of parents plays a significant role: their age, involvement in their children's education, high level of information, etc. The lifestyle of city dwellers is a formative factor. Here, two strategies can be identified: the 'all inclusive' strategy and the strategy of education connoisseurs. At the same time, in a large city, there are also limiting factors for the development of alternative education: a complex transport system and logistical component, expensive rent and/or cost of buildings.
- Keywords:
- alternative education, homeschooling, informal education, free education, Russian classical school, democratic education, Montessori education, Waldorf education, developmental education, Reggio emilia approach
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Features of mnemic activity in children with ZPR: results of an experimental study
Research Article
Development of education Volume 6 No 4- Authors:
- Olga N. Bykova, Elena M. Sugoniaka
- Work direction:
- Psychology in Education
- Abstract:
- The purpose of the study is to identify the features of mnemic activity as part of its structural components in older preschool children with mental retardation. Tasks: to identify typical and individual features of the development of mnemic activity in children with mental retardation in comparison with their normally developing peers; to identify specific features in the development of indicators of each structural component of mnemic activity in children developing normally and with mental retardation. The hypothesis of the study: mnemic activity as part of its structural components in 5-6-year-old children with mental retardation is characterized by specific features in comparison with normatively developing children. Research methods: theoretical analysis and generalization of scientific literature on the research problem, ascertaining experiment, quantitative and qualitative analysis of the data obtained, methods of their interpretation. Results of the study: the paper presents a comparative characteristic of the features of mnemic activity as part of its three components: motivational, target, operational and technical in children 5-6 years old with ZPR and their peers of the normative variant of ontogenesis. It has been established that children aged 5-6 years with mental retardation have a lower level of MD compared to normative preschoolers. In the structure of mnemonic activity, the “leading” component is the motivational one: preschoolers with mental retardation exhibit a stable, emotionally positive attitude towards accepting the task and the content of the mental activity. The target component is characterized by a lack of understanding of the meaning of the activity being carried out, as well as the mnemonic task itself, the inability to independently accept and maintain the goal of remembering, extremely low values of the volume of reproduced information. The operational and technical component of this type of activity is very weak: there is a dominance of mnemonic techniques of a mechanical nature, or their absence, as well as poor awareness of them, making a large number of errors during reproduction, lack of independence in performing the proposed tasks, turning to an adult for help in the process of control and MD assessments, or refusal of activities.
- Keywords:
- children with disabilities, mental retardation, mnemic activity
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Vliianie upravlencheskogo ucheta na povyshenie investitsionnoi privlekatel'nosti kompanii
Book Chapter
Economics and Law: problems, strategy, monitoring- Authors:
- Marina A. Latypova, Irina E. Volokitina
- Work direction:
- Глава 4
- Abstract:
- In the modern business environment, where investments play a key role in the development of companies, management accounting is an integral part for decision-making and evaluation of investment projects. The chapter focuses on aspects of management accounting in investment project appraisal, such as WACC cost of capital, net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return ((IRR) analyses. The study focuses on how the use of these tools can enhance the investment attractiveness of a company. In addition, the authors disclose in detail the main concepts that characterise the investment activity of the company.
- Keywords:
- Investment, Investment attractiveness, management accounting, investor, investment project, cost of capital, net present value, rate of return
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Periodization of the development of public preschool education of children of non-Russian nationalities in the RSFSR (1917 – early 1930s.)
Review Article
Development of education Volume 6 No 2- Author:
- Olga V. Bodenova
- Work direction:
- Pedagogy and Modern Education
- Abstract:
- The article presents the results of studying the organization of public preschool education of children of non-Russian nationalities in the RSFSR. The purpose of the study was to study the development of public preschool education of children of non-Russian nationalities in the RSFSR. Methods – analysis, comparison, generalization of archival and published sources, regulatory documents. The result of the study was the periodization of the development of public preschool education of children of non-Russian nationalities in the RSFSR. The chronological boundaries of the study define the stages of development of public preschool education of children of non-Russian nationalities: the indicative stage (1917–1923), the stage of formation (1923–1927), the stage of sustainable development (1928 – early 1930s.). Within each stage, the directions of development of public preschool education of children of non-Russian nationalities are highlighted and characterized: formation of management bodies for public preschool education of children of non-Russian nationalities, agitation and propaganda, creation of a network of preschool institutions, determination of the purpose and content of educational work, professional training of personnel for national preschool institutions. The results of the study deepen scientific knowledge on the history of the development of the Soviet system of public preschool education, expand the representation of the history of the development of the system of professional and additional education for the training of educators.
- Keywords:
- public preschool education, content of education, children of national minority, periodization of the development of preschool education, purpose of education, ideologization of education
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Formirovanie i ispol'zovanie kapitala obshchestva: ekonomicheskie i pravovye voprosy regulirovaniia
Proceeding
Topical issues of law, economic and management- Authors:
- Denis N. Katkov, Ravil A. Sattarov, Oleg R. Grankov, Nataliia N. Belanova
- Work direction:
- Экономика предпринимательства
- Abstract:
- Формирование рациональной структуры капитала, оптимального соотношения между собственными и привлеченными средствами являются ключевыми на фазе организации бизнеса. Эффективное управление капиталом, эффективное его использование в дальнейшем позволяют обеспечить высокую рентабельность собственного капитала и увеличение стоимости бизнеса. В статье рассматриваются источники формирования капитала, их преимущества и недостатки, принципы формирования капитала. Исследуются требования законодательства по вопросам формирования и использования капитала общества.
- Keywords:
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Otsenka vozmozhnosti i tselesoobraznosti narashcheniia zaiomnogo kapitala organizatsii
Proceeding
Topical issues of law, economic and management- Author:
- Viktoriia K. Tanatarova
- Work direction:
- Экономика предпринимательства
- Abstract:
- Статья посвящена теме оценки возможности и целесообразности наращения заёмного капитала организации. В сложившихся условиях хозяйствования многие российские компании столкнулись с проблемой сокращения денежного потока, недостатком финансовых ресурсов для осуществления текущей деятельности. В связи с этим, вопросы привлечения заемного финансирования приобрели особую значимость для предприятий наиболее рисковых отраслей экономики.
- Keywords:
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Theoretical approaches to understanding of the phenomenon of bullying
Book Chapter
Pedagogy and Psychology as Sciences for the Formation of the Potential of Modern Society- Author:
- Natalia V. Korol
- Work direction:
- Глава 11
- Abstract:
- The chapter examines the concept of bullying, based on the analysis of literary sources, the main theoretical approaches to understanding bullying in schools are highlighted, namely: Social Cognition Theory, Dominance Theory of Bullying, Humiliation Theory, Social Capital Theory, Organization Cultural Theory, Cognitive Developmental Theory, Theory of Response to Group and peer Pressure.
- Keywords:
- bullying, concepts of Bullying, Social Cognition Theory, Dominance Theory of Bullying, Humiliation Theory, Social Capital Theory, Organization Cultural Theory, Cognitive Developmental Theory, Theory of Response to Group and peer Pressure
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Female artistic gymnasts’ conditioning under the background of the Code of Points
Review Article
Development of education Volume 6 No 1- Authors:
- Olga V. Tuponogova, Maksim V. Aranson
- Work direction:
- Pedagogy and Modern Education
- Abstract:
- Competitive routines in artistic gymnastics are composed according to the Code of Points, which current variant highly encourages program difficulty. The need to acquire new elements of a high difficulty value and incorporate them tightly in their routines increases stress on gymnasts’ conditioning, based on materials of modern scientific works. The objective of the study was to determine the effect of the current code of points in artistic gymnastics on elite gymnasts’ conditioning. Strength training makes basis to conditioning in modern artistic gymnastics. Its choice should be dictated by an athlete’s dominant discipline. In order to satisfy modern difficulty requirements in one’s performance on uneven bars one needs exceptional upper body and upper limbs strength, in floor exercises – developed leg power and special endurance, in vault – high degree of speed, on balance beam – the ability to balance.
- Keywords:
- artistic gymnastics, elite athletes, Code of Points, conditioning, strength training
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Peculiarities of the Spot the Nonsense method performance in 5-year-old children with level III general delay in speech development. (report 1)
Research Article
Development of education Volume 6 No 1- Author:
- Oksana M. Kovalenko
- Work direction:
- Psychology in Education
- Abstract:
- The introduction describes the features of thinking, perception and analyzing observation of children with ONR, which make it difficult to correctly analyze and evaluate visual information. The research methodology is the task «Nelepies» in the version presented by R.S. Nemov. The results of the study provide generalized quantitative results for individual absurdities. Qualitative analysis captures the correct answers and reveals the mechanisms of children's erroneous answers. Qualitative characteristics of the analysis carried out by normally developing children and children with OHP (III level) aged 5 years when considering this image are presented: options for explaining inconsistencies (whether everything is drawn correctly) and options for clarifying answers (how it should actually be). For each option for explaining and clarifying discrepancies, generalized quantitative data and a quantitative difference between the results of normally developing children and children with OHP (III level) are given. All variants of explanations and clarifications are illustrated by the children's answers and presented in accordance with the quantitative difference between the indicators of children with normal speech development and GR (III level). At the same time, variants with a quantitative predominance in the norm, variants with a quantitative predominance in OHP (level III) and variants that are noted only in OHP (level III) are indicated. In conclusion, a sequence of established options for explanations and clarifications is presented in terms of the degree of quantitative difference between the indicators of normally developing children and children with OHP (level III) from a larger difference to a smaller one.
- Keywords:
- perception, general delay in speech development, 5-year-old children, visual thinking, analyzing observation, the method of “nonsense”
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Osobennosti raboty s odarionnymi det'mi po russkomu iazyku i literature: opisanie opyta raboty
Proceeding
Socio-Pedagogical Issues of Education and Upbringing- Authors:
- Alfiia S. Muliukova, Zemfira R. Mannapova, Nailia B. Mukhutdinova
- Work direction:
- Образовательный процесс в организациях общего и дополнительного образования
- Abstract:
- Статья посвящена актуальной проблеме работы с одаренными детьми, представлены как давно известные, так и новые подходы в решении главных задач работы с одаренными детьми. Авторы рассматривают педагогическую сущность одаренности детей школьного возраста, современное состояние обучения одаренных детей и концептуальные основы социально-педагогической поддержки одарённых детей, возможности образовательного учреждения в создании условий для развития и самореализации одаренного ребенка.
- Keywords:
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Model' sposobnostei kak osnova dlia diagnosticheskikh issledovanii uchashchikhsia
Proceeding
Socio-Pedagogical Issues of Education and Upbringing- Author:
- Natalia V. Telesheva
- Work direction:
- Реализация в образовательном процессе субъектной позиции обучающихся
- Abstract:
- В статье исследовано понятие способностей и проанализированы имеющиеся концепции в области психологии и педагогики на вопрос врожденности и приобретенности способностей.
- Keywords:
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Experience in the Formation of Interethnic Relations among Students
Review Article
Development of education Volume 5 No 3- Authors:
- Natalya N. Dobrynina, Olga G. Barashkova
- Work direction:
- Practice
- Abstract:
- In the article, the authors present a positive experience of working with students, aimed at creating a culture of interethnic relations among young people. The materials and methods of the study were examples of the organization of students' activities aimed at fostering values traditional for the Russian multinational culture, interethnic friendship. The student sphere, in which various attitudes of students develop in the context of interethnic and interethnic interaction. The results of the study and their discussion: activities are identified, the focus of which is shifted to the support and preservation of the Russian language. Organization of literary evenings dedicated to the life and work of Russian poets and writers. In the article, the authors gave an example of the organization of a volunteer detachment. Students actively participate in charitable events in the city of Kostroma (manufacturing of souvenirs, providing hairdressing services to vulnerable segments of the population, concert activities). Based on the study, the following conclusions can be drawn: the educational organization implements projects and activities aimed at forming a respectful attitude of young people towards the older generation, towards representatives of other nationalities and religions, the formation of an active life position, assistance, successful socialization.
- Keywords:
- culture, student environment, harmonization of interethnic relations, implementation of events, national traditions
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About the Objectives and Content of the Foreign Language Training of Future Engineers
Research Article
Development of education Volume 5 No 2- Author:
- Julia I. Skudalova
- Work direction:
- Pedagogy and Modern Education
- Abstract:
- Globalization of economy, rapidly developing new technologies and enormous information flows dictate new requirements for the organization of a higher education process in the field of engineering. Taking into account the situation on the world labour market, new educational standards are being developed for training engineering personnel to gain the required professional competencies. A special place is occupied by a foreign language professional communicative competence. The purpose of the article is to consider a foreign language training of future engineers at a technical university in accordance with the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard for Higher Education of a new generation. It is of great importance to form a basic level of foreign language professional competence among students of technical specialties for effective intercultural professional communication. The article touches upon universal foreign language competencies according to the requirements of the program for the specialty «Aircraft and helicopter design». The peculiarities of a two-stage organization of the foreign language educational process is also discussed. It is argued that the effectiveness of teaching is inextricably linked with the formation of motivation among students and depends on understanding the connection of their future profession with the practical application of a foreign language. The use of a personality-oriented approach helps to develop a number of necessary qualities and make future graduates competitive on the world labour market according to the requirements of modern employers. The conclusion regarding the modernization of the foreign language training with all positive and negative aspects arising in the process of teaching a foreign language at a technical university is made.
- Keywords:
- motivation, foreign language professional competence, a personality-oriented approach, integrated approach, major subjects
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Assessment of the Strength Development of Students in an Agricultural University
Research Article
Development of education Volume 5 No 2- Author:
- Oksana A. Sbitneva
- Work direction:
- Pedagogy and Modern Education
- Abstract:
- The article discusses the role of the development of physical quality «strength». The value of strength for the health and training process is analyzed. The importance and necessity of the development of strength, strength abilities, which determines the level of physical health, functional capabilities, is substantiated. The importance of physical culture for comprehensive and harmonious development is revealed. The results of the control standards according to the requirements of the university, strength indicators in accordance with the requirements of the GTO standards are analyzed. The search for effective means and methods of physical culture in the physical training of students is analyzed. The article gives an assessment of the development of the strength of students of an agricultural university. Research methods. In the course of the study, a comparative analysis of the data obtained was carried out. The search, analysis, generalization of methodological literature was used, the method of control tests was used. The study was conducted for 3 years, from 2018–2021. The study involved 63 young men aged 18–24 years. The successful implementation of the control standards and requirements of the GTO standards was noted. The results of the study. The overall assessment of the development of strength among students of an agricultural university is expressed in positive dynamics. According to the results of the study, the average level of strength development was recorded, the average readiness of the subjects to pass the GTO standards, in particular in the aspect of strength training. Analysis of the results according to the GTO standards for strength showed that the majority of students pass for the gold and silver GTO badge, an increase in the results for the bronze badge was recorded, a decrease in the number of students who did not pass the standard was noted. The majority of students who passed by 5 and 4 points according to the university program were identified, an increase was noted in those who passed by 3 points, the presence of some students who did not fulfill the requirements of the university program. Conclusions. The level of readiness of students to fulfill the norms and requirements of the GTO complex at the average level. The average level of physical fitness was recorded. Regular physical education classes with the use of strength-oriented exercises contribute to the development and improvement of physical qualities, harmonious physical development, increasing the functional capabilities of the body, achieving a high level of physical fitness necessary for the successful fulfillment of the regulatory requirements of the VFSK GTO, university.
- Keywords:
- physical fitness, physical qualities, strength, GTO standards, strength abilities, physical culture and sports
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Transformation of approaches to capital structure management of Russian companies in the context of COVID-19 pandemic
Proceeding
Law, Economics and Management- Author:
- Galina A. Nekrasova
- Work direction:
- Менеджмент и маркетинг
- Abstract:
- The article analyzes the changes in the capital structure of Russian companies in recent years. It was revealed that during the coronavirus pandemic, the share of borrowed sources in the capital structure of Russian companies increased, mainly due to accounts payable. The changes were short-term - in 2021 there was an increase in the financial independence of companies, while at the same time restoring the level of return on assets.
- Keywords:
- management, capital structure, COVID-19 pandemic
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Razvitie sposobnostei u rebionka v obedineniiakh estestvennonauchnoi napravlennosti dopolnitel'nogo obrazovaniia
Proceeding
Fundamental and applied research for key propriety areas of bioecology and biotechnology- Author:
- Aleksei A. Sharagin
- Work direction:
- Педагогические аспекты преподавания дисциплин естественнонаучного цикла
- Abstract:
- Способности каждого ребенка формируют его личность, раскрывают индивидуальные навыки, которые были даны ему от природы. Главная задача педагога – обнаружить их, раскрыть с помощью различных методов, форм работы, подходов, педагогических технологий. Задача педагога дополнительного образования – приложить максимум усилий для раскрытия способностей ребенка. В статье рассматриваются методы развития способностей у детей в объединениях естественнонаучной направленности дополнительного образования.
- Keywords:
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Correction of Dysgraphy of Primary School Children with General Speech Underdevelopment
Research Article
Development of education Volume 5 No 1- Authors:
- Maria A. Sibarova, Klavdiya I. Sultanbaeva
- Work direction:
- Psychology in Education
- Abstract:
- This article is devoted to the disclosure of the content of the correctional work of a speech therapist in violation of written speech with children with general underdevelopment of speech. The purpose of the article is to show the effectiveness of speech therapy work aimed at correcting dysgraphia of children with speech disorders. The increase of the growth of children with speech impairment in recent years indicates the relevance of this problem and the need to provide corrective assistance from teachers and a speech therapist. Untimely detection and correction of dysgraphy associated with speech underdevelopment prevent the full assimilation of the curriculum and the comprehensive development of the pupil. Research method. The author presents research data obtained using the diagnostic technique of O.B. Inshakova, which allows specialists to identify a violation of the written speech of younger schoolchildren and the degree of its severity. The methods of work of the teacher are also proposed, which increase the effectiveness of the correctional work of written speech in children of primary school age with speech disorders. Research results. The control experiment showed that the number of dysgraphic errors in children of primary school age with general underdevelopment of speech decreased by 35%. Conclusions. The results of the study of the written speech of younger schoolchildren indicate the need for the use of corrective work by a speech therapist, which should be focused on the development of phonemic hearing, sound pronunciation, sound analysis and word synthesis skills, it is also necessary to expand and enrich the child's vocabulary.
- Keywords:
- general underdevelopment of speech, written speech, primary school age, correction, dysgraphy
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The Current State of the Banking Sector in Russia in the Context of the Processes of Concentration and Centralization of Banking Capital
Proceeding
Law, Economics and Management- Authors:
- Daria R. Zalesova, Vladimir Z. Balikoev
- Work direction:
- Общие вопросы экономических наук
- Abstract:
- Современное состояние банковского рынка представлено снижением количества кредитных организаций, частыми сделками по слияниям и поглощениям, усиленными требованиями мегарегулятора к коммерческим банкам, появлением экосистем. Природу этих событий, а также предсказание поведения банковского сектора можно объяснить понятиями концентрации и централизации банковского капитала. В статье раскрываются понятия концентрации и централизации банковского капитала, приводятся примеры этих процессов на современном этапе становления банковского рынка. Делается вывод о том, что превалирование процесса централизации над концентрацией банковского капитала прямо влияет на конкуренцию, снижая качество и количество предоставляемых банками услуг.
- Keywords:
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Odarennye deti v sisteme dopolnitel'nogo obrazovaniia
Proceeding
History of culture, study of art and philology: modern points of view- Author:
- Elvira R. Shaekhianova
- Work direction:
- Искусствоведение
- Abstract:
- В статье рассматривается понятие «одаренность», современная система дополнительного образования и его роль развитие личности учащегося и самореализация в Республике Татарстан.
- Keywords:
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Pedagogic Support of Realizing the Potential of Gifted Students
Proceeding
Psychological and Pedagogical Research – Tula Region- Author:
- Nguen ai tkhy Zyong
- Work direction:
- Arrangement of Work with Talented and Gifted Children and Youth
- Abstract:
- В статье представлено обоснование и технология педагогического сопровождения реализации потенциала талантливых студентов педагогического вуза. Программа формирующего эксперимента, направленного на развитие творчества и креативности, опиралась на результаты проведенного диагностического исследования. Показаны результаты оценки эффективности реализованной технологии развития творческих способностей и креативного мышления студентов.
- Keywords:
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Sovremennye prioritety strategicheskogo upravleniia kapitalom v real'nom sektore rossiiskoi ekonomiki
Proceeding
Law, Economics and Management- Author:
- Alan V. Vaneev
- Work direction:
- Экономика предпринимательства
- Abstract:
- Представлены актуальные приоритеты стратегического управления капиталом компаний реального сектора экономики. Они связаны с использованием инновационных финансовых инструментов, соблюдением принципов устойчивого развития, использованием возможностей прямого финансирования и программ государственной поддержки предпринимательства. Сформулированы имеющие практическое значение рекомендации по учету стратегической ориентации управления капиталом в процессе принятия финансовых решений компаний реального сектора российской экономики.
- Keywords:
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Development of Children's Giftedness
Proceeding
Psychological and Pedagogical Support of Talented Children: Problems, Directions, Approaches, Conditions- Author:
- Marina Y. Pronina
- Work direction:
- Теория и методология изучения одаренности и ее видов
- Abstract:
- The article is devoted to the review of main types of child giftedness: intellectual and creative. it is noted that the development of children's giftedness is very promising area. The conditions for development of giftedness in a child are describes, and in conclusion it is noted that the components of personality development must not develop in the detriment of the rest.
- Keywords:
- conditions, giftedness, abilities, talent, originality, genius, outstanding, instincts, forward-looking
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Early Manifestations of Giftedness in Children and Adolescents in the System of Modern Education
Proceeding
Psychological and Pedagogical Support of Talented Children: Problems, Directions, Approaches, Conditions- Authors:
- Makka A. Tumsoeva, Petimat M. Zekieva
- Work direction:
- Проблемы диагностики и выявления одаренных детей
- Abstract:
- The article is devoted to consideration of the most effective methods of diagnosing genius from the author's perspective. The types of giftedness according to William Stern and the main signs for identifying such children are studied, as well as the most effective methods of teaching, upbringing and socialization of gifted children are defined.
- Keywords:
- development, giftedness, abilities, talent, wunderkind, intelligence, special children