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List of publications on a keyword: «economy»

  • Problems of formation of modern professionals in Russian universities in the conditions of political and economic sanctions against Russia and ways of their solution

    Book Chapter
    Modern Challenges of Education and Psychology of Personality Formation
    Author:
    Aleksandr A. Kiselev
    Work direction:
    Глава 3
    Abstract:
    Higher education is the most important factor in the country's economic development, meeting its needs for professionals trained in universities who are capable of implementing the strategy of technological leadership and making the national economy effective and competitive in the context of political and economic sanctions against Russia. Much attention is paid today by higher education authorities to organizing educational work in universities and involving students in various «activities», which is often done in universities even by removing students from classes. However, due to political and economic sanctions against Russia, the national economy is experiencing a major shortage of professional personnel, which can and should be replenished by university graduates. As a result, higher education authorities and Russian universities should currently pay special attention to the development of higher education as professional education. Unfortunately, administrative and economic methods prevail in matters of the content and organization of higher education in universities, reducing the effectiveness of the development of higher education, namely as professional education. This is due to the fact that the management of universities is forced to pay more attention to financial issues in order to optimize and reduce costs, receive (earn) money through grant activities, implement business contracts, change staffing by increasing the intensity of teachers' work, etc. The study of the situation with Russian higher education, including the method of included observation, allows us to identify problems in the field of training modern professionals in domestic universities. At the same time, the «new model» of Russian higher education, which is planned to be implemented in universities by higher education authorities in the near future, from the standpoint of its possible effectiveness raises many doubts that it will ensure the predictive development of higher education as professional education and will allow meeting the needs of the national economy in the professionals it needs. As a result, the issue of solving all the problems identified in the work, both in higher education itself and with higher education itself, becomes relevant. Based on the analysis, including the conclusions of experts and specialists in the field of higher education development, the needs of organizations for university graduates, a number of measures are proposed that allow, to a certain extent, to solve the existing problems in the area under consideration.
    Keywords:
    Russian higher education, political sanctions against Russia, economic sanctions against Russia, national economy, problems of training professionals in domestic universities, the needs of the economy for graduate professionals, a new model of Russian higher education, an administrative and economic approach to managing the training of professionals in universities, problems of modern domestic education, training professionals for the domestic economy
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  • The Foundations and Prospects of Staffing the Economy

    Book Chapter
    Development of the Russian socio-economic system: challenges and prospects
    Author:
    Nadezhda V. Medvedeva
    Work direction:
    Глава 4
    Abstract:
    The chapter examines the issues of staffing the economy in the context of the groundwork and prospects. The prerequisites for updating the topic of staffing the economy are highlighted and the urgent problems hindering technological development are systematized. Attention is focused on forecasting personnel needs as the main mechanism for overcoming imbalances between the needs of the economy in personnel and the capabilities of the education system. Scientific and normative methods and models of forecasting personnel needs are investigated, typical metrics are generalized. The interrelationships between the priorities of socio-economic development of the subjects of the Russian Federation and staffing and staff shortage are analyzed. The limitations of forecasting methods for personnel needs are systematized. Special attention is paid to approaches to ensuring the human resources needs of the economy for the purposes of forming a national project and implementing the goals of technological development. The continuity of the components of the methodology for forecasting personnel needs of the new format and qualitative changes in the set of statistical data and approaches to the selection of a source base for the purpose of forecasting personnel needs are reflected.
    Keywords:
    economy, personnel, forecasting, qualified personnel, forecast, technological sovereignty, staffing of the economy, deficit, imbalance
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  • Peculiarities of the Russian Economy Development during the Sanction Period

    Book Chapter
    Development of the Russian socio-economic system: challenges and prospects
    Author:
    Galina M. Morozova
    Work direction:
    Глава 5
    Abstract:
    The chapter raises the relevant issue of the development of the Russian economy during the sanction period. Based on the methods of statistical analysis, comparison and generalization, a comparative characteristic of the definitions of the concepts of "sanctions" given by different authors is carried out. The stages of the sanction period of the Russian economy are distinguished and characterized. The objective and advantages of import substitution are noted, the analysis of the Russian sanction economy is carried out, the sanction policy towards Russia and the packages of anti-Russian sanctions are characterized. The directions of the impact of sanctions on the Russian economy, the factors of restoring the growth of the Russian economy, the sanctions packages are outlined and their consequences in the Russian economy are indicated.
    Keywords:
    import substitution, sanctions, stages of the sanction period, sanction policy, sanction economy, sanction packages
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  • Цифровизация и трансформация современной экономики и бизнеса

    Proceeding
    Topical issues of law, economic and management
    Authors:
    Liudmila V. Krasovskaia, Svetlana V. Pchelintseva, Mikhail S. Nikanorov, Aleksei N. Losev
    Work direction:
    Экономика предпринимательства
    Abstract:
    Digitalization and transformation of the modern economy and business are an integral part of rapidly changing global trends. With the development of digital technologies, significant changes are taking place in business processes and government management models. One of the main influences of digital technology is to change consumer behavior. With the development of the Internet and social networks, consumers have gained access to a huge amount of information about goods and services. This led to a change in their preferences and buying behavior. Now consumers prefer to search for information online, read reviews and compare prices, which makes digital platforms an important tool for business.
    Keywords:
    development, artificial intelligence, digitalization, transformation, digital economy, blockchain, digital platforms, digital revolution, digitalization of business, business models, business transformation
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  • The National economy of Russia as a general meta-subject of scientific analysis

    Book Chapter
    Development of the Russian socio-economic system: challenges and prospects
    Author:
    Sergei L. Danilchenko
    Work direction:
    Глава 1
    Abstract:
    The systemic world crisis testify to the complete invalidity of neoclassical economic theory and the neoliberal model of the national economy. In this regard, the development of a new economic theory that combines a political economy approach to the national economy with a national economic research methodology becomes of special relevance. The chapter highlights relevant issues of the development of world and domestic economic science, substantiates the importance of social sciences and humanitarian knowledge as the basis for the development of modern economics. It is important to observe the principle of historicism - orientation on civilisation conditions and national needs, adaptation of Russia to new geopolitical realities. The scientific content makes it possible to talk about the progressiveness of the ideas of nationally-oriented economic reform, consistent modernisation of the economic sphere of the Russian society.
    Keywords:
    neoclassical economic theory, systemic crisis of the global economy, national economy of Russia, neoliberal model of national economy, political economy approach to the national economy, national economic methodology of research
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  • The Methodology of Logical Analysis of Socio-Economic Processes as an Instrument of Adaptation of the Russian Federation to the Conditions of the Sanctions War

    Book Chapter
    Development of the Russian socio-economic system: challenges and prospects
    Author:
    Andrei N. Fomichev
    Work direction:
    Глава 2
    Abstract:
    Sanctions imposed on Russia by international communities such as the European Union and the United States have serious consequences for the domestic economy. They affect international trade, financial flows and technological development. The development of a methodology for adapting to the conditions of the sanctions war becomes critical for ensuring the sustainability of the Russian economy, respectively. The chapter considers the methodology of logical analysis of socio-economic processes as a means of adapting the Russian Federation to the conditions of the sanctions war. The author considers the main problems faced by the Russian economy under sanctions and offers a methodology of logical analysis, which will help develop adaptation strategies.
    Keywords:
    adaptation, methodology of analysis, logical analysis, socio-economic processes, adaptation strategy, economy of the Russian Federation, sanction war
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  • Sustainable development and technological leadership of industrial enterprises in the digital economy

    Book Chapter
    Development of the Russian socio-economic system: challenges and prospects
    Author:
    Andrei V. Minakov
    Work direction:
    Глава 7
    Abstract:
    In the conditions of digital transformation, the possibilities of providing sustainable development of industrial enterprises are closely connected with their technological upgrade. The objective of the study is to identify the achieved results of digital transformation and technological development of industrial enterprises in Russia, to find methods to improve the management of sustainable development of industrial enterprises in order to maximise the benefit from the use of digital solutions. The study shows the projections of sustainable development of enterprises in digital economy, the tendencies of use of digital technologies in Russian organisations are determined based on the results of statistical analysis, the process approach for managing sustainable development of industrial enterprises in combination with the ecosystem model for building relationships with partners is suggested.
    Keywords:
    sustainable development, digital transformation, digital economy, technological leadership, technological development
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  • Politika tsifrovogo suvereniteta gosudarstva: zarubezhnyi i rossiiskii opyt

    Book Chapter
    Principles of the New Ecosystem Formation: economic aspects
    Authors:
    Dilmurad B. Iakhiaev, Liudmila V. Voronina, Aleksei V. Grigorishchin, Dmitrii S. Shiriaevskii, Timofei A. Oshomkov
    Work direction:
    Глава 1
    Abstract:
    The introduction of digital technologies, services and platforms into all spheres of life raises issues of ensuring digital security and the sustainability of socio-economic and political systems in both developed and developing countries. The increasing information impact, including from external forces, is leading many countries to reconsider the principles of preserving national sovereignty. A new political concept of national sovereignty is developing, a separate element of which is digital sovereignty. This paper examines the main priorities of the domestic policy of a number of states (China, Brazil, Germany, USA, India, Norway, Russia) in the field of digitalization, which are aimed at creating digital sovereignty. The authors studied government programs and strategic planning documents; the authors also identified the main problems arising during the digital transformation of economic systems in Russia and proposed ways to solve them.
    Keywords:
    information security, digitalization, digital economy, digital sovereignty, digital security
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  • Factors of Changes in the Investment Attractiveness of Russian Regions in Years 2022–2023.

    Proceeding
    Regions of Russia in a changing world: stable priorities and new opportunities
    Author:
    Andrei E. Gerdo
    Work direction:
    Инновационное развитие и конкурентоспособность регионов
    Abstract:
    The article is dedicated to research of factors that influenced the changes in investment attractiveness of the regions of the Russian Federation after major geopolitical changes in the first half of year 2022, provides a theoretical explanation of the terms "Investment Attractiveness " and "Investment Grade Rating" and reveals a correlation between changes in the field of Investment (including Foreign Investment) in the regions of Russia and in the field of International Trade of Russian regions in the researched time frame.
    Keywords:
    Investment, Regional Economy, investment attractiveness, Foreign Trade, Investment Grade Rating
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  • Kachestvo ekonomicheskogo rosta kak determinanta ekonomicheskoi bezopasnosti Rossii

    Book Chapter
    Law and economic development: current issues
    Authors:
    Marianna V. Kelekhsaeva, Tatiana E. Sitokhova
    Work direction:
    Глава 2
    Abstract:
    Intensive economic growth makes it possible to ensure a steady increase in the level of well-being of the country's citizens, which, in turn, is a necessary condition for the growth of their quality of life. In addition, the competitiveness of the national economy on the world stage is also determined by its ability to produce technical and technological, organizational and managerial, social, environmental innovations, which are the main driving force of the transformation of all aspects of public life. In view of these circumstances, the study of the qualitative component of economic growth is of particular relevance. The chapter is devoted to the study of the quality of economic growth as a factor of national economic security in Russia. The authors consider economic growth and socio-economic relations that arise when the quantitative and qualitative parameters of the dynamics of the national economy change.
    Keywords:
    economic growth, economic security, domestic economy, quantitative and qualitative parameters
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  • Meropriiatiia po sovershenstvovaniiu obespecheniia finansovoi bezopasnosti Rossii

    Book Chapter
    Economics and Law: problems, strategy, monitoring
    Author:
    Zarina A. Ailarova
    Work direction:
    Глава 1
    Abstract:
    The scope of security discussed in the chapter is an actual subject of research by scientists, specialists in economics and finance, government managers, political scientists, sociologists and the like. The interest in security in scientific research is a relatively new direction and is due to the actualization of the problems of the preservation and development of the individual, citizen, society, state, nation and civilization as a whole.
    Keywords:
    financial security, competitiveness of the national economy, threats to the financial system, the state of the balance of payments, security factors
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  • Tsifrovye tekhnologii na rynke telekommunikatsionnykh uslug (na primere kompanii Rostovskoi oblasti)

    Book Chapter
    Economics and Law: problems, strategy, monitoring
    Authors:
    Oksana I. Radina, Zhanna V. Gornostaeva
    Work direction:
    Глава 7
    Abstract:
    In the chapter examines the relevance of the use of unique technologies in the telecommunications services market. The research is based on statistical reports, analytical materials of telecommunication services market sites, and the benchmarking method. The authors present an analysis of factors that can affect the competitiveness of the development of the telecommunications market at the present stage of the development of the digital economy, and also characterize the ways of manifestation of omnichannel that can revolutionize interaction with customers.
    Keywords:
    competitiveness, digital economy, telecommunications services market, omnichannel technologies, benchmarking approach
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  • Shadow economy: causes and experience of state counteraction

    Proceeding
    Law, Economics and Management
    Author:
    Nikita A. Trufanov
    Work direction:
    Общие вопросы экономических наук
    Abstract:
    Abstract: This scientific article examines the problem of the shadow economy, including its causes, scale and government measures to counter it. The main factors contributing to the development of the shadow economy are analyzed, such as the inefficiency of the tax system, complex bureaucratic procedures, distrust of the state and a high level of regulation. The article examines the experience of Russia and other countries in the fight against the shadow economy, including improving the tax system, controlling business activities and fighting corruption. The issues of the effectiveness of counteraction, international cooperation and the role of education and information campaign are discussed. The study provides an overview of the problem of the shadow economy, which can be useful for developing strategies to combat it and increase economic security.
    Keywords:
    economy, shadow economy, state and shadow economy
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  • THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF INDUSTRIAL CLUSTERS ON THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE REGION

    Book Chapter
    Economics and Law
    Authors:
    Andrei V. Minakov, Liudmila N. Ivanova
    Work direction:
    Глава 1
    Abstract:
    The creation of industrial clusters is becoming an increasingly popular tool of regional policy, and therefore there is a need to assess the impact of clusters on socio-economic development. Purpose of the study: to assess the impact of INNOKAM cluster on the socio-economic development of the Republic of Tatarstan. The study reveals that the contribution of industries, in which the cluster "INNOCAM" operates, in the total industrial production of the region has increased to 48.5%, cluster members form more than 25% of manufacturing production, also the cluster plays a significant role in employment, investment activity of the region, but is not propulsive and does not provide outpacing growth of GRP of Tatarstan compared to other regions of Russia.
    Keywords:
    Regional Economy, industrial cluster, propulsion cluster, social and economic development of the region, Republic of Tatarstan
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  • The development of Russian information technologies as a result of sanctions

    Proceeding
    Socio-Economic Processes of Modern Society (for the 80th anniversary of Lev Panteleimonovich Kurakov)
    Author:
    Ekaterina A. Kukushkina
    Work direction:
    Современные тенденции развития мирового сообщества
    Abstract:
    The work is devoted to the study of the impact of sanctions on the development of modern Russian IT technologies. The purpose of the work is a theoretical analysis and discussion of the hypothesis about the possible positive impact of sanctions on the development of modern Russian IT technologies. In connection with the departure of reputable participants in the IT sector from the Russian market and in the absence of competition, Russian technologies have been given the opportunity to freely introduce new developments in Russian business. Russia can show itself as a strong country, which in the shortest possible time was able to give a worthy response to sanctions and realize its potential in IT technologies. The author's position is substantiated by expert and statistical data from Cnews, Gartner, Rosstat on the development of this sector in Russia and the world. In conclusion, it is emphasized that the development of modern Russian IT technologies was influenced by the sanctions pres
    Keywords:
    economic growth, digital economy, Russian IT technologies, sanctions, support for the IT industry, spending dynamics in the IT industry
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  • TO THE QUESTION OF FORMATIONOF THE KAZAKH NATIONAL BOURGEOSIS AT THE BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY

    Proceeding
    The Topical Issues of the Humanities and Social Sciences: from Theory to Practice
    Authors:
    Samal K. Kabyltaeva, Zhanar S. Erdenbekova, Samat Zhumatai, Elena А. Astrakhantseva
    Work direction:
    Динамика социальной среды как фактор развития
    Abstract:
    The article is devoted to the process of formation of new classes of the Kazakh national bourgeoisie and the local proletariat, the penetration of new capitalist relations and foreign capital at the beginning of the XX century. Kazakhstan's entry into Russia was marked by the development of commodity relations, the development of industry and, as a result, the formation of the working class. The export of capital to the outskirts of the Russian Empire is increasing and Kazakhstan is being drawn into the world market. These and many other processes lead to social changes in Kazakh society, including the Kazakh baity adapting to the new economy of that time and Kazakh merchants-entrepreneurs and the petty bourgeoisie appear. The Kazakh bourgeoisie was an opposition to the tsarist authorities. Bourgeois industrial relations represented only one of the socio-economic structures on the eve of the revolution. The penetration of trade capital into Kazakhstan at the beginning of the XX century
    Keywords:
    trade, economy, industry, bourgeoisie, capitalism, proletariat, class, merchants
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  • Financial Stability Board as coordination institute of international economic regulation

    Proceeding
    Strategies of Sustainable Development: Social, Law and External-economic Aspects
    Author:
    Daria V. Spitsina
    Work direction:
    Общие вопросы экономических наук
    Abstract:
    The article deals with the key approaches to "soft law"and the factors for its transformation into "hard law". As regards the "soft law", the contribution of the Financial Stability Board's to the international economic regulation is identified. The study enables to determine the informal institutions' place and role in the regulation of international economic relations.
    Keywords:
    regulation, world economy, Financial Stability Board, soft law, hard law
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  • Dual'naia innovatsionnaia podgotovka konkurentnosposobnykh na rynke truda rabochikh kadrov i spetsialistov srednego zvena, vladeiushchikh tsifrovymi kompetentsiiami, vysokimi patrioticheskimi kachestvami, na osnove nepreryvnogo operezhaiushchego professional'nogo obrazovaniia i sokhraneniia liderstva kolledzha v SVO

    Book Chapter
    Topical issues of pedagogy and psychology
    Authors:
    Irina M. Ryzhova, Tat'iana N. Vasiagina, Sofia V. Krasovskaia, Gennadshchii V. Iudin
    Work direction:
    Глава 2
    Abstract:
    Modern economic development of Russia determines the reforming of vocational education system and production in accordance with innovative technological equipment. The dual system is the most common form of personnel training which combines theoretical training (in Russia 40%, in Germany 20–25%) in educational institutions and the industrial training (75–80%) at enterprises. 96% of young people who completed dual training got a job at enterprises.
    Keywords:
    professional training of workers, professional training of employees, professional training of specialists, the needs of economy, dual training models
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  • Effektivnye modeli innovatsionnoi deiatel'nosti v sisteme vysshego obrazovaniia dlia podgotovki kadrov v usloviiakh tsifrovizatsii obshchestva: luchshie praktiki raboty federal'nykh innovatsionnykh ploshchadok

    Book Chapter
    Theoretical and practical aspects of pedagogy and psychology
    Authors:
    Tat'iana A. Lavina, Anna N. Zakharova, Tat'iana I. Gritskevich
    Work direction:
    Глава 3
    Abstract:
    The chapter of the monograph highlights effective models of innovative activity in the system of higher education for training personnel in the context of the digitalization of society, identified on the basis of an analysis of the best practices of federal innovation platforms. The work was carried out within the framework of the Research and Development Agreement on «Identification of best practices based on the results of an expert evaluation of applications and reports of federal innovation sites» with Financial Expert Systems LLC, Moscow, the operator of the organization of the procedure for evaluating the activities of FIP subjects as part of the execution of the State Contract dated April 25, 2022 of the year No. 05.2022.244.02.003.021 for the performance of works (provision of services) under the project «Information, analytical and technological support for the formation and operation of a network of federal innovation sites in the advanced educational ecosystem of the Russian Federation». The monograph examines the projects of federal innovation platforms of higher education institutions, implemented in the direction of «informatics, digitalization», as well as in other interdisciplinary areas related to the digitalization of society. The paper analyzes the innovative experience of the FIP: ANO VO «Russian New University», FSAEI HE «National Research Nuclear University «MEPhI», FGAEI HE «Sevastopol State University», FGBOU HE «State Academy of Industrial Management named after N.P. Pastukhov, Mari State University, Volgograd State University, Oryol State University named after I.S. Turgenev», ANO VO «University of Innopolis», Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education «Rostov State Economic University (RINH)”, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education «Chuvash State University named after I.N. Ulyanov».
    Keywords:
    best practices, federal innovation platforms, digitalization of education, institutions of higher education, digitalization of society, National project «Digital Economy», National project «Education»
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  • Economic development of the machine-building complex

    Proceeding
    Relevant issues of management, economics and economic security
    Author:
    Elizaveta V. Bushueva
    Work direction:
    Социально-экономическая политика России и зарубежных стран
    Abstract:
    The machine-building complex is an important branch of activity in the country. The level of development of this industry determines the level of development of the entire economy of the country. With the development of society, any branch of human activity is transformed, therefore it is necessary to revise the approaches used in mechanical engineering and add innovations and innovations. In this article we will consider the economic development of the machine-building sector.
    Keywords:
    economy, Mechanical engineering, industry, economic development, instrument making, development of the machine-building sector, economic economy, state support
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  • Classification of threats to the economic security of an enterprise and ways to prevent them

    Proceeding
    Relevant issues of management, economics and economic security
    Authors:
    Igor' N. Samoilov, Marianna V. Aliabeva
    Work direction:
    Угрозы экономической безопасности и пути их преодоления
    Abstract:
    At present, in the current situation, it is very important to strengthen and increase the level of economic security of the state and enterprises as a condition for their stable state and functioning. For this, an important component is the monitoring of threats and the continuous improvement of measures to prevent destabilizing factors of threats to economic security.
    Keywords:
    economics, competitiveness, economic security, enterprise, threats to economic security, security of the economy, destructive factors, classification of threats, threats to the economic security of an enterprise
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  • Realizatsiia predprinimatel'skoi deiatel'nosti: problemy i puti resheniia

    Proceeding
    Relevant issues of management, economics and economic security
    Author:
    Nikita I. Spiridonov
    Work direction:
    Проблемы и перспективы развития малого бизнеса
    Abstract:
    Entrepreneurial activity plays an important role in the development of the economy. This is an important activity in the country in terms of economic development. This article examines the ways of implementing entrepreneurial activity in the country, the problems faced by business on the path of its development, and suggests ways to solve the tasks set.
    Keywords:
    economy, entrepreneurship, small business, business, entrepreneurial activity, individual entrepreneur, problems of small business
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  • Methods of automated access control to an oil refinery: positive impact on the economy

    Proceeding
    Relevant issues of management, economics and economic security
    Authors:
    Kirill A. Belitskii, Evgenii I. Gerasimenko
    Work direction:
    Проблемы и перспективы развития малого бизнеса
    Abstract:
    Automated access control to the refinery must be provided at the highest level, because the efficiency of the entire energy sector depends on it. If the work of the oil sector is interrupted in any way due to penetration into the enterprise, this will negatively affect the entire economy of the country. In this article, we will consider ways to create automated access control to an enterprise and their impact on the economic situation.
    Keywords:
    economy, energy industry, accounting, Automated access control, oil and gas sector, oil industry, access to the enterprise, economic situation
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  • Issues of Psychological Education in the Formation of a Patriotic Personality Type: Youth Policy of the Future

    Book Chapter
    Modern Challenges of Education and Psychology of Personality Formation
    Author:
    Aleksei S. Kharlanov
    Work direction:
    Глава 3
    Abstract:
    The present part of monography describes general psychosomatic human condition during behavioral economy from the standpoint of 5 generations of consumers and also describes change of the approaches to the system of education in Russia after Bologna system cancellation and self-providing education forces reinforcement of own possibility for development of future children study under the influence of Western sanctions against Russian economy. Also, author gives a real recommendation and practical steps for motivation correction of new young people education policy from the standpoint of succession and evolution of priorities of Russians after special operation in Ukraine.
    Keywords:
    Big Data, metaverse, Industry 4, NBICS, 7-th scientifically technological order, Bologna process, behavioral economy, Daniel Kahneman, mnc, TNB, young people, artificial intelligence (AI), corporatocracy
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  • Vneshniaia torgovlia Rossii: sostoianie i perspektivy razvitiia v poslekrizisnyi period

    Proceeding
    Days of Student Science
    Author:
    Elizaveta V. Bushueva
    Work direction:
    Тенденции развития экономики в условиях неопределённости. Экономическая безопасность организаций и государства
    Abstract:
    The external economy is always the main contributor to the country's budget. The foreign economic sphere should always develop and be at the highest level. Basically, the external economy consists in exporting raw materials to other countries. With the help of the external economy, there was a significant increase in the country's GDP. This article examines the state and prospects of development of the external economy of Russia.
    Keywords:
    trade, economy, crisis, raw materials, import, export, finance, budget, foreign countries, gross domestic product, world market, foreign economy
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