This article provides a comprehensive examination of the life and daily life of the Russian peasantry in the 19th century—a key period in Russian history marked by the abolition of serfdom and the beginning of rural modernization. The work analyzes the social status of peasants, the differences between serfs and state peasants, the consequences of the 1861 reform, the specifics of labor organization, the role of the rural community, housing, food, and clothing conditions, as well as family, religious, and cultural traditions. The authors attempt to examine peasant life through the lens of ever...
Теория графов как инструмент анализа экономических и управленческих процессов
The article discusses the application of graph theory to modeling and analysis of complex systems in economics and management. The relevance of the study is due to the increasing complexity of the relationships between economic agents, logistics hubs, financial flows and management structures. The paper presents the basic concepts of graph theory adapted to applied problems, and also shows the mechanisms of their use in the analysis of supply chains, organizational hierarchies, project management and corporate networks. Based on generalized models, it is demonstrated how graph representations...
