List of publications on a keyword: «Chuvash»
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THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON THE BUDGET AND RESOURCES OF THE CHUVASH HEALTHCARE SYSTEM
Proceeding
Law, Economics and Management- Authors:
- Iuliia A. Grigor'eva, Irina I. Pavlova
- Work direction:
- Социально-экономическое развитие общества
- Abstract:
- This article examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the budget and resources of the Chuvash Republic's healthcare system, as well as the issue of resource reallocation. The study utilized statistical data analysis, a comparative review of regional reports, and a summary of practical healthcare experience. Key findings include the need for flexible budget planning, strengthening primary care, and building reserves. The authors' contribution includes recommendations for improving the resilience of the healthcare system.
- Keywords:
- personnel, healthcare, COVID-19, planning, resources, Chuvashia, budget
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Economic assessment of programs to reduce alcohol and tobacco consumption in the Chuvash Republic: analysis of efficiency and costs.
Proceeding
Law, Economics and Management- Authors:
- Ilsiiar R. Ismailova, Irina I. Pavlova
- Work direction:
- Социально-экономическое развитие общества
- Abstract:
- The article examines the economic efficiency of programs aimed at reducing alcohol and tobacco consumption in the Chuvash Republic. It evaluates the costs and results, analyzes the indicators of the region and the health status of its population after the introduction of measures to reduce the consumption of alcohol and tobacco products. The article concludes by emphasizing the need for further research in this area to optimize financial resources and increase the effectiveness of preventive measures.
- Keywords:
- efficiency, population, health, Chuvash Republic, alcohol, tobacco, programs
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Chuvash-Determined Surnames as a Marker of the Cheboksary Regiolect of the Russian Language
Research Article
Ethnic Culture Volume 7 No 3- Author:
- Eduard V. Fomin
- Work direction:
- World languages and literature
- Abstract:
- The work continues the series of publications on the Cheboksary regional dialect of the Russian language. This study examines Russian surnames of Chuvash origin as a feature of the speech of residents of Cheboksary. The material for the study was surnames common in the Chuvash Republic. The work is based on a qualitative analysis of factual material. Chuvash surnames have undergone significant qualitative changes over the past three centuries from the original eastern Tatar-Islamic tradition to the modern Christian one. The surnames of Cheboksary residents cannot be a marker of the Cheboksary regional dialect of the Russian language. In general, Cheboksary surnames, due to their simple denominal origin, can be understood as a generalizing marker. The combination of Orthodox-conditioned denominal surnames such as Ivanov, Petrov, Fedorov with Chuvashism surnames such as Sadyrga, Yakku, Mulgachev, Kashkarov creates a unique anthroponymic background for the functioning of the Cheboksary regional dialect, reinforcing the impression of its qualitative parameters. The Christian foundations of the Chuvash nomenclature go beyond the anthroponymic dictionary: in modern conditions, almost all names in the Chuvash environment are oriented towards the Russian tradition. Russian-Orthodox names largely form the Russian visual landscape of the region.
- Keywords:
- Chuvash language, Russian language, language contacts, anthroponyms, regional variation of the Russian language
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The spiritual and moral foundations of the family in the epistolary legacy of I.Ya. Yakovlev
Research Article
Development of education Volume 8 No 1- Author:
- Larisa N. Ivanova
- Work direction:
- Pedagogy and Modern Education
- Abstract:
- The epistolary legacy of the outstanding educator Ivan Yakovlevich Yakovlev (1848-1930) is a unique phenomenon in the culture of the Chuvash people. It expresses in a certain way the image of the multifaceted personality of I.Ya. Yakovlev, who worked tirelessly in the field of education and school education of his compatriots for more than half a century. This is evidenced by the results of scientific research by famous scientists G.N. Volkov, V.D. Dimitriev, N.G. Krasnov, G.N. Plechov, I.V. Pavlov, etc. Of particular research interest among the many letters of I. Ya. Yakovlev are lines related to the life of his own family. The study of the epistolary heritage of I. Ya. Yakovlev showed that the family was of great importance in his life. He has always sought to create and maintain an atmosphere of human relations in the family, based primarily on spiritual and moral virtues.
- Keywords:
- family, spiritual and moral foundations, epistolary heritage, Simbirsk Chuvash teacher's school
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Reflection of national mythology in Chuvash poetry
Research Article
Ethnic Culture Volume 6 No 4- Author:
- Vera V. Nikiforova
- Work direction:
- World languages and literature
- Abstract:
- The interaction of myth and literature is an urgent literary problem. Mythological themes, plots, motifs, and images are used and reinterpreted in Chuvash literature throughout its history. The main purpose of this study is to study the peculiarities of the reflection of mythology in Chuvash poetry. The most striking poetic works of Chuvash authors, created within the chronological boundaries of the XX – early XXI century, in the structure of which mythological elements play an important role, served as materials for the study. The main ones are descriptive and systematic methods. For the first time, the article presents an overview analysis of Chuvash poetry of the XX – early XXI century from the point of view of the stated theme. Her study demonstrated that the myth is noticeably reflected in poetic works. They reveal the structural and meaningful elements of myth, as well as signs of mythological thinking and mythological worldview. The conducted research has shown that myth is one of the sources of artistic creativity. In the future, it is supposed to analyze the features of the functioning of myth in prose and drama. The results obtained can be used in the study of the problem of national identity in Chuvash literature.
- Keywords:
- mythology, myth and literature, Chuvash poetry, XX – early XXI centuries
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Ethnic myth-making in cyberspace as a factor of representation of Chuvash ethnicity
Research Article
Ethnic Culture Volume 6 No 3- Author:
- Aleksey S. Rogovoy
- Work direction:
- Ethnography, Ethnology and Anthropology
- Abstract:
- The article is devoted to the study of Chuvash ethnic myth-making in cyberspace. The aim of the work is to determine its role as one of the factors of ethnicity representation. The study is based on the analysis of the relevant content presented on popular web platforms and social networks YouTube, Rutube, Zen, VKontakte, Odnoklassniki. The study identifies a certain section of content offered by search algorithms as the most viewed and included in thematic collections and playlists. The author examines the myth-making components of the Internet space, characterizes formats and plots, identifies their authors, and studies the audience's reaction to the content. Data analysis showed that ethnic myth-making has a positive effect on the representation of the Chuvash culture. Despite some inaccuracies in the information, such material generally evokes positive emotions in users. Information in video and text format is published on popular Russian platforms, making ethno-myth-creating content accessible to a wide audience. The myths created by the authors reflect their desire to show the antiquity and significance of the Chuvash people, which helps the Chuvash people to understand their identity, place and role in the world. Ethno-myth-creating content on the Internet increases interest in the Chuvash culture, promoting its popularization and representation.
- Keywords:
- Chuvash, cyberspace, ethnic myth-making, ethnicity, representation
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The first pedologists of the Chuvash Republic and their experience in the study of Chuvash children
Review Article
Ethnic Culture Volume 6 No 3- Authors:
- Nataliya Y. Stoyukhina, Daniil V. Mironov
- Work direction:
- Ethno-Cultural Problems of Education
- Abstract:
- The article is devoted to the study of the activities of pedologists of the Chuvash ASSR and aims to analyze the historically first study devoted to the intelligence of Chuvash children. The study is based on the publications of the first pedologists from Chuvashia F. P. Petrov and M. E. Efimov. In accordance with the historical and psychological methods described by V. A. Koltsova, the work uses problematic and source study methods. The study is written in the aspect of the history of pedagogy. A graduate student of the Kazan Oriental Pedagogical Institute, F. P. Petrov with a team of students, for the first time carried out a comprehensive study of the intellectual development of Chuvash children using the Binet-Simon test method, widely known among Soviet pedologists. At first, pedologists took the test method in Russian, then it was translated into the Chuvash language with appropriate text changes in relation to the everyday and speech characteristics of the Chuvash. The result of the study was the book published in Cheboksary, "The experience of studying the intellectual development of Chuvash children using the Binet-Simon method", published in 1928. The book caused serious objections from the head of the pedological office at the Chuvash Scientific Research Institute M. E. Efimov; he believed that the author was biased against Chuvash children and violated the methodological principle of making tests. The correspondence polemic between two Chuvash pedologists about the measurement of children’s intelligence, along with similar cases in the country’s republics, prompted L. S. Vygotsky to call for an understanding of the problems of national pedology, with its leading problem – the measurement of intelligence.
- Keywords:
- history of psychology, pedology, national psychology, intellectual development of the Chuvash child, Binet-Simon test
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Ritual functions of clothing in the memorial rites of the Chuvashs
Research Article
Ethnic Culture Volume 6 No 2- Author:
- Igor G. Petrov
- Work direction:
- Ethnography, Ethnology and Anthropology
- Abstract:
- Clothes perform many functions functions. One of them is the ritual function, according to which it becomes an important tool or object of various magical practices. In this article, using the example of the сhuvashs of the Volga-Ural region, the functions of the deceased’s clothes in the customs and rituals of the memorial cycle are considered. On separate thematic blocks, the role of clothing as a ritual item at large commemorations, at the fortieth day commemoration, as well as at general summer commemorations was investigated. The article is based on published works on the history and ethnography of the chuvashs of the 19th – early 20th centuries, archival sources, as well as field materials of the author collected in different years in the Republic of Bashkortostan and the Republic of Tatarstan. It has been revealed that in the funeral rites, clothes appear and are actively used as a substitute for the deceased, as well as an offering addressed to the deceased on behalf of living relatives. Thanks to these qualities, clothing is one of the important and universal means of communication between the world of the living and the world of the dead. Rites with clothes in memorial rites have been preserved and exist in modern ritual practice. Such stability, on the one hand, is due to the deep archaic and conservative funeral rite as a whole, on the other hand, the comparative stability of this ritual to modern innovations.
- Keywords:
- Volga-Ural region, Chuvashs, funeral and memorial rites, clothing and its ritual functions
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The place of biblionyms in the onomastic space
Review Article
Ethnic Culture Volume 6 No 2- Author:
- Maria A. Markova
- Work direction:
- World languages and literature
- Abstract:
- The work is devoted to the study of biblionyms as one of the most important components of onomastics. It examines the biblionymy of Chuvash, Russian and English fiction using the methods of continuous sampling, systematization and classification of material, descriptive-analytical and comparative approaches. At the moment, biblionyms have not been studied enough. At the same time, their study is relevant and significant, since the title can be the key to understanding the text. This work is intended to clarify the interpretation of the term “biblionym”. At the same time, the author examines the functions of biblionyms, their classification, and identifies the place of titles in the system of onomastic terminology of the languages under study, which in the future should contribute to the development of the general theory of onomastics. The author of the work suggests using the term “biblionym” to understand the name of any text. At the same time, from his point of view, there is a need to introduce into onomastic studies such terms as “microbiblionym” for the names of chapters, paragraphs and constituent parts of the text and “macrobiblionim” for the names of collections of texts. By its position, a biblionym is a means of connecting the text with the outside world, in particular with the reader. Based on the biblionym, the reader will be able to form an idea of the content of the text.
- Keywords:
- onomastics, English language, Chuvash language, Russian language, biblionym
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A worthy son of the Chuvash land: Hero of Russia N.F. Gavrilov and his activities to develop the culture of his native land
Proceeding
University as a factor of Modernization of Russia: History and Prospects (to the 55th anniversary of the I.N. Ulyanov ChSU)- Authors:
- Natalia N. Ageeva, Tatiana N. Ivanova
- Work direction:
- Наследие Великой Победы и преемственность поколений
- Abstract:
- The article is devoted to the outstanding representative of the Chuvash people, pilot, public figure, Hero of Russia N.F. Gavrilov. The main focus is not on the military service and exploits of the hero, but on his socio-political activities in the Chuvash Republic. This is his work in public organizations in Cheboksary and Chuvashia, his activities to foster patriotism among the youth of the republic, and promote a healthy lifestyle. Attention is also paid to his participation in the life of the Chuvash community in Moscow and as head of the Federal National Cultural Autonomy of the Chuvash People of Russia. The example of N.F. Gavrilov as a representative of Chuvashia contributes to increasing its prestige in Russia.
- Keywords:
- Gavrilov, propaganda and development of Chuvash culture
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The contribution of Kharitonov brothers from the village of Cats-Kolicevo the victory in the great Patriotic war
Proceeding
University as a factor of Modernization of Russia: History and Prospects (to the 55th anniversary of the I.N. Ulyanov ChSU)- Author:
- Tatiana I. Mikheeva
- Work direction:
- Наследие Великой Победы и преемственность поколений
- Abstract:
- This article examines the feat of the Kharitonov brothers from the Chuvash village of Koshki-Kulikeevo, Yalchik district in the Great Patriotic War. The purpose of the article is to increase interest in research work on the life and activities of the Kharitonov family. The article is both informative and patriotic in nature, and is intended to preserve the memory of those terrible events that the war brought to us.
- Keywords:
- The Great Patriotic War, veteran, the Kursk Bulge, the battle for the Dnieper, feat, village of Koshki-Kulikeevo, Yalchik district of the Chuvash Republic
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The succession of generations of defenders of the Motherland: Chuvashia's officers – sons of veterans of the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945
Proceeding
University as a factor of Modernization of Russia: History and Prospects (to the 55th anniversary of the I.N. Ulyanov ChSU)- Authors:
- Oleg V. Andreev, Semen N. Bliniaev
- Work direction:
- Наследие Великой Победы и преемственность поколений
- Abstract:
- The article is devoted to preserving the continuity of two generations of the sons of the Chuvash people in the defense of the Fatherland. The exploits of the representatives of the older generation who defended their homeland – the Soviet Union in the fight against the fascist invaders in 1941–1945 and the successors of their cause – the sons of officers who served in the Russian Armed Forces. Their role and place in strengthening the country's defense capability and patriotic education of young people are revealed.
- Keywords:
- officer, Russia, patriotic education, Chuvashia, The Great Patriotic War, USSR, front-line soldier, defender of the Fatherland, succession of generations
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Restructuring the public administration system of the Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic during the Great Patriotic War
Proceeding
University as a factor of Modernization of Russia: History and Prospects (to the 55th anniversary of the I.N. Ulyanov ChSU)- Author:
- Tatiana V. Iustus
- Work direction:
- Вклад народов Поволжья в дело Победы
- Abstract:
- The article analyzes one of the political problems of the Great Patriotic War – the reorganization of government bodies in 1941–1945. using the example of the Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. The history of the activities of state authorities and local self-government in wartime, which throughout all the years of the war carried out their responsible work to ensure the defense of the country, is examined in many ways. The features of the organization of military mobilization measures at the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, as well as the provision and conduct of evacuation measures in the first years of the war are shown. The work of party and government bodies in the field of socio-economic policy to provide the evacuated population with essential goods is presented.
- Keywords:
- mobilization, The Great Patriotic War, administration, authorities, evacuation, Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, Soviets
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Heroism of a native of Chuvashia I. G. Meshakov during the crossing of the Southern Bug River in March 1944
Proceeding
University as a factor of Modernization of Russia: History and Prospects (to the 55th anniversary of the I.N. Ulyanov ChSU)- Author:
- Lev A. Efimov
- Work direction:
- Вклад народов Поволжья в дело Победы
- Abstract:
- In the article, the author, based on the extensive use of archival documents introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, as well as published literature in regional historiography, objectively highlights the military exploits of I. G. Meshakov, a native of the village of Basurmanovo in the Morgaush municipal District of Chuvashia, on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War, who was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union in March 1944 when crossing the Southern Bug River.
- Keywords:
- Great Patriotic War, Chuvashia, Hero of the Soviet Union, Basurmany village, 1944, Yuzhny Bug River, Meshakov I.G
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The Fight Against Desertion from the Defense Enterprises of Chuvashia During the Great Patriotic War
Proceeding
University as a factor of Modernization of Russia: History and Prospects (to the 55th anniversary of the I.N. Ulyanov ChSU)- Author:
- Evgenii V. Kasimov
- Work direction:
- Вклад народов Поволжья в дело Победы
- Abstract:
- The author shows the extent of the spread of labor desertion on the territory of the Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic during the Great Patriotic War, considers the methods of struggle of law enforcement agencies of Chuvashia with unauthorized withdrawal from defense enterprises and military field construction in 1941–1945.
- Keywords:
- Great Patriotic War, Chuvashia, desertion, defense enterprises, military field construction, Military Tribunal of the Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
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Experience of interaction between the school and the public of Chuvashia on the patriotic and internationalist education of students during the Great Patriotic War
Proceeding
University as a factor of Modernization of Russia: History and Prospects (to the 55th anniversary of the I.N. Ulyanov ChSU)- Author:
- Viacheslav B. Lastochkin
- Work direction:
- Вклад народов Поволжья в дело Победы
- Abstract:
- The article discusses the topic of successful cooperation between government bodies, teachers, Komsomol and Pioneer organizations of Chuvashia schools in educating students in the spirit of patriotism and internationalism during the Great Patriotic War.
- Keywords:
- Great Patriotic War, school, Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, Komsomol, pioneer organization, timurov movement, Soviet patriotism, internationalism
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CHUVASHIA'S CONTRIBUTION TO THE OVERALL VICTORY
Proceeding
University as a factor of Modernization of Russia: History and Prospects (to the 55th anniversary of the I.N. Ulyanov ChSU)- Authors:
- Olga G. Sorokina, Elena N. Bezrukina
- Work direction:
- Вклад народов Поволжья в дело Победы
- Abstract:
- The article examines the situation of Chuvashia during the war, namely the condition of villages, the evacuation of industrial enterprises and the transition to a military manner.
- Keywords:
- The Great Patriotic War, Chuvashia during the war years
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Handicraft and industrial cooperation of Chuvashia during the Great Patriotic War
Proceeding
University as a factor of Modernization of Russia: History and Prospects (to the 55th anniversary of the I.N. Ulyanov ChSU)- Author:
- Olga G. Viazova
- Work direction:
- Вклад народов Поволжья в дело Победы
- Abstract:
- The article analyzes the main activities of handicraft and industrial cooperation during the Great Patriotic War, highlights the problems and difficulties that cooperators had to face in fulfilling state tasks, examines the state cooperative policy and its impact on the development of cooperatives, highlights the contribution of cooperators to victory over the enemy.
- Keywords:
- handicraft and fishing cooperation, cooperative unions, Industrial Cooperation Department under the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR, Chuvashdrevpromsoyuz, Chuvashtarpromsoyuz, Chuvashshveypromsoyuz
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National assistance to the front in the period of the Great Patriotic War
Proceeding
University as a factor of Modernization of Russia: History and Prospects (to the 55th anniversary of the I.N. Ulyanov ChSU)- Author:
- Elena V. Sukhova
- Work direction:
- Вклад народов Поволжья в дело Победы
- Abstract:
- The article reveals the development of various forms of national assistance to the Red Army in the period of the Great Patriotic War, the role of state and party organs in organization and support of this noble patriotic initiative.
- Keywords:
- Chuvashia, The Great Patriotic War, Defense Fund, Komsomol, national assistance to the front, Communist Party, labour collectives, collecting warm clothes, assistance to liberated areas
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The Main Activities of the People's Commissariat of Education of the Chuvash Assr During the Great Patriotic War
Proceeding
University as a factor of Modernization of Russia: History and Prospects (to the 55th anniversary of the I.N. Ulyanov ChSU)- Author:
- Maleka N. Gasanova
- Work direction:
- Система образования и культура в период Великой Отечественной войны
- Abstract:
- The article considers changes in the activities of the People's Commissariat of Education of the Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic during the Great Patriotic War compared to the pre-war period. The author considers personnel reductions in the apparatus of the People's Commissariat in the initial period of the war, distinguishes new areas of activity.
- Keywords:
- public education, Great Patriotic War, People's Commissariat of Education of the Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
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Military Duty and Service in the Army in the System of Traditional Values of the Chuvash People
Proceeding
University as a factor of Modernization of Russia: History and Prospects (to the 55th anniversary of the I.N. Ulyanov ChSU)- Authors:
- Erbina V. Nikitina, Elizaveta M. Mikhailova
- Work direction:
- Война как фактор формирования национальной идентичности
- Abstract:
- Conscientious and responsible attitude to military service, loyalty to the oath are distinctive features of the Chuvash mentality. These qualities were especially vividly manifested during the Great Patriotic War. Service in the army and defence of the Motherland as a man's civic duty are considered as one of the main values of the Russian society. Old soldier's blessings and family front stories can be used in the formation of a sense of patriotism and citizenship of modern young men.
- Keywords:
- ethnic mentality, military duty, service in the army, traditional values, Chuvash people, Chuvash blessings and prayers
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Problems of motherhood and childhood in Chuvashia during the Great Patriotic War: according to the documents of the State Historical Archive of the Chuvash Republic
Proceeding
University as a factor of Modernization of Russia: History and Prospects (to the 55th anniversary of the I.N. Ulyanov ChSU)- Authors:
- I I. Boiko, Galina V. Ertmakova, Nataliia I. Tolstova
- Work direction:
- Роль архивов, музеев и библиотек в формировании представлений о Великой Отечественной войне
- Abstract:
- The problems of everyday life during the Great Patriotic War have not been sufficiently studied as well as by historians of Chuvashia. Using the example of the analysis of documents from the GIA of the Chuvash Republic, attention is drawn to subjects related to motherhood and childhood, including medical care for pregnant women and young mothers, the organization of kindergartens and nurseries, assistance to mothers with many children and pregnant women. The work with child homelessness and neglect is shown.
- Keywords:
- motherhood and childhood, the Chuvash Republic, The Great Patriotic War, everyday life
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The work of the National Library of the Chuvash Republic on the formation and strengthening of patriotic values in the public consciousness by promoting knowledge about the Great Patriotic War
Proceeding
University as a factor of Modernization of Russia: History and Prospects (to the 55th anniversary of the I.N. Ulyanov ChSU)- Author:
- Roza M. Lizakova
- Work direction:
- Роль архивов, музеев и библиотек в формировании представлений о Великой Отечественной войне
- Abstract:
- The article reveals the participation of the staff of the National Library of the Chuvash Republic in the formation of a patriotic value system of mass public consciousness through events aimed at spreading knowledge about the Great Patriotic War and other heroic pages of Russian history.
- Keywords:
- Great Patriotic War, patriotic value system of mass consciousness, Chuvash Republic, National Library of the Czech Republic, cultural and educational work
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Aspects of the labor heroism of Cheboksary residents during the Great Patriotic War on the pages of the newspaper Krasnaya Chuvashia
Proceeding
University as a factor of Modernization of Russia: History and Prospects (to the 55th anniversary of the I.N. Ulyanov ChSU)- Author:
- Petr N. Matiushin
- Work direction:
- Проблемы отражения событий войны в исторической памяти и мемориальной культуре
- Abstract:
- The article examines certain aspects of the labor activity of the city of Cheboksary during the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945. Based on the materials of the central organ of the periodical press of the region – the newspaper Krasnaya Chuvashia. The main groups of information characteristic for the formation of the image of the rear city of the Volga region during the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945 are highlighted.
- Keywords:
- Cheboksary, the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945, labor feat, Krasnaya Chuvashia newspaper
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About the dictionary of Chuvash microtoponyms
Review Article
Ethnic Culture Volume 6 No 1- Authors:
- Dmitriy E. Leontyev, Eduard V. Fomin
- Work direction:
- World languages and literature
- Abstract:
- This study is devoted to the problem of the dictionary of microtoponyms existing in the Chuvash environment. Chuvash microtoponymy is one of the lexico-phraseological stratum that is being lost at a rapid pace, and its fixation currently seems more than relevant. Scientists have voiced the idea of such a publication many times, and have repeatedly begun collecting material, but it has never come to fruition. This publication is essentially a prospectus for the designed dictionary. The study is based on the analysis of a collection of names of small geographical objects created by students of the Chuvash state university in 2023. Lexicography of microtoponyms poses the task of codifying them, studying as a result of a specific extralinguistically determined naming of local geographical realities, as well as possible interlingual contacts with access to the problems of glotto- and ethnogenesis, clarifying the typological features of Chuvash naming in general. The authors propose a two-stage work on the project: first of all, the collection of toponyms and their publication in the form of annual collections, and secondly, the preparation and publication of the final dictionary. The indicated approach will prepare the basis for a general work on Chuvash microtoponymy.
- Keywords:
- onomastics, Chuvash language, dictionary, lexicography, microtoponymy