List of publications on a keyword: «teachers»
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Research on the training and promotion path of International Chinese teachers in the Era of artificial intelligence
ProceedingPedagogy, Psychology, Society: from theory to practice- Author:
- Siui Menmeng
- Work direction:
- Филология в системе образования
- Abstract:
- The emergence of the artificial intelligence era presents both opportunities and challenges for international Chinese education. As the primary force in this educational domain, the development and enhancement strategies for international Chinese teachers must evolve in tandem with contemporary advancements. This study offers a comprehensive analysis of artificial intelligence's impact on international Chinese teachers, encompassing teaching methodologies, educational resources, and the evolving roles of educators. Based on these findings, the research proposes specific pathways for the training and professional development of international Chinese teachers. These recommendations address teacher education curriculum design, enhancement of training systems, development of practical platforms, and fostering international collaboration to meet the evolving needs of international Chinese education in the artificial intelligence era.
- Keywords:
- artificial intelligence, international Chinese teachers, training status and improvement path
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Pedagogical Conditions and Collaborative Work of Subjects of the Educa-tional Process in Forming the Competence of Future Teachers
Book ChapterModern educational technologies: Pedagogy and Psychology- Authors:
- Gulzat B. Mukambetova, Umut D. Kasymkulova, Bermet O. Rakybaeva
- Work direction:
- Глава 2
- Abstract:
- The article examines the pedagogical conditions and joint work of subjects of the educational process in developing the competence of future teachers. The main attention is paid to the integration of modern educational technologies and methods, the creation of practice-oriented learning conditions, as well as an interdisciplinary approach in the training of teaching staff. The importance of interaction between parents and teachers in the process of upbringing and education of students is especially emphasized, which includes support and motivation of students, organization of joint events and regular consultations. The psychological correspondence of the personal characteristics of future teachers with the objective requirements of the profession, such as emotional stability, professional ethics and communication skills, is analyzed. Recommendations for the implementation of comprehensive programs for supporting and developing professional competencies of students of pedagogical specialties are presented.
- Keywords:
- pedagogical conditions, educational process, competence, teachers, professional training, parents, emotional stability, professional ethics, professional position
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The development of phonemic perception in preschool children
ProceedingSocio-Pedagogical Issues of Education and Upbringing- Author:
- Mariia A. Ermolova
- Work direction:
- Коррекционная педагогика
- Abstract:
- The article examines the development of phonemic awareness in preschool children, essential for correct pronunciation, vocabulary expansion, and literacy skills. It describes key development stages and methods, including games and exercises. The roles of parents and educators are emphasized, along with modern technologies such as computer programs and interactive toys. Recommendations for effective phonemic awareness development are provided.
- Keywords:
- training, development, technologies, teachers, preschool age, methods, games, phonemic perception
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The students’ main problems in using multimedia resources for learning a foreign language
Research ArticleEthnic Culture Volume 6 No 2- Author:
- Tamara A. Kordon
- Work direction:
- Ethno-Cultural Problems of Education
- Abstract:
- The work reveals to the study of the students’ main problems coming by using multimedia resources to learn a foreign language. the research actuality is determined by the requirements of modern educational standards for foreign language proficiency as an integral part of successful professional activity in modern society. the article analyzes the works reflecting the most relevant topics and problems related to the use of multimedia in teaching foreign languages. they are important for generalizing existing pedagogical experience. the method of questioning and correlation analysis of the obtained data was used in the study. the author adheres to a communicative approach and pays special attention to the development of foreign language communicative competence of non-linguistic faculties students of the universities. the article presents the results of a survey of students ‒ future teachers studying at the yakovlev’s university. the content of the special course program on the use of multimedia resources for learning a foreign language is proved and it should include thematic blocks aimed at increasing motivation, solving language problems and improving skills in working with multimedia resources.
- Keywords:
- foreign language, communicative competence, future teachers, multimedia tools
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Coaching as an Effective Method for Developing the Professional Motivation of Young Teachers
ProceedingCoaching and mentoring: theory and practice- Authors:
- Anna S. Stepanova, Daria A. Tikhomirova, Daniil I. Turkenich
- Work direction:
- Modern socio-psychological aspects of risk in the educational environment
- Abstract:
- This article explores the potential of using coaching to enhance the motivation of young teachers. The authors conducted a sociological study using a survey method to examine the impact of coaching on teachers' motivation, self-development, and professional satisfaction. The results of the study demonstrate that coaching can be an effective method for boosting teachers' motivation.
- Keywords:
- motivation, education, teachers, motivation factors, self-development, self-organization, effectiveness, coaching, professional satisfaction, demotivation
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Features of the conceptual and categorical apparatus of professional motivation of future teachers of physical culture and sports in institutions of secondary vocational education
ProceedingPsychological and Pedagogical Support of General, Special and Inclusive Education of Children and Adults- Author:
- Sergei A. Barmin
- Work direction:
- Modern socio-psychological aspects of risk in the educational environment
- Abstract:
- The article examines the basic concepts that form the conceptual and categorical apparatus of professional motivation of future teachers of physical culture and sports, provides the author's formulations of the concept of "motivation", describes the basic concepts related to motivation (interest, need, goal, orientation, incentives, motives, values, expectations and regulators of motivation), taking into account the specifics research topics.
- Keywords:
- professional motivation, educational institutions, future teachers, physical culture and sports, Conceptual and categorical apparatus
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Sovremennye tekhnologii obucheniia v metodicheskoi podgotovke budushchikh uchitelei biologii
Book ChapterPedagogy and Psychology of Modern Education- Authors:
- Olga V. Khotuliova, Iuliia A. Iushchenko, Galina V. Egorova
- Work direction:
- Глава 7
- Abstract:
- The study analyses innovative teaching technologies that are used in methodological training of future biology teachers. The essence of the concept "teaching technology" is disclosed, the classification of technologies is presented. In contrast to traditional teaching, interactive methods are gaining popularity, the basis of which is a purposeful and monitored intensive independent work of a student. The author characterises the advantages of practice-oriented technologies for high-quality training of future biology teachers.
- Keywords:
- innovative technologies, methodological training, teaching methodology, teaching technologies, future biology teachers
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FOSTERING FAMILY VALUES: PARTNERSHIP BETWEEN PARENTS AND TEACHERS OF A PRESCHOOL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION
ProceedingSocio-Pedagogical Issues of Education and Upbringing- Author:
- Oksana V. Nikiforenko
- Work direction:
- Теория и методика обучения и воспитания
- Abstract:
- The article examines the importance and relevance of the partnership between parents and teachers in a preschool educational institution. The authors of the article emphasize that parents and teachers are key figures in a child’s life and their joint work allows for an integrated approach to learning and development. The article notes that in modern society it is important to establish high-quality interaction between parents and teachers to form family values in children.
- Keywords:
- preschool education, interaction, family values, child development, partnership between parents and teachers, information exchange, respect, self-employed preschool education
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Reflection of the events of the Great Patriotic War in the history of Vologda school No. 8
ProceedingUniversity as a factor of Modernization of Russia: History and Prospects (to the 55th anniversary of the I.N. Ulyanov ChSU)- Authors:
- Natalia S. Smirnova, Ekaterina V. Tsvetkova
- Work direction:
- Война как фактор формирования национальной идентичности
- Abstract:
- The article examines the events of the Great Patriotic War, which had a great impact on the educational process of Vologda school No. 8. From the very beginning of the fighting with the German troops, all school education was subordinated to wartime. The learning conditions were difficult, in addition, there was a high dedication of students and teachers in helping the front. After the victory of the Soviet people in the Great Patriotic War, events related to the defense of the Motherland were actively used in the patriotic education of the younger generation.
- Keywords:
- the Great Patriotic War, a hospital, separate education for boys and girls, front-line teachers, a pioneer squad
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Organizational and Pedagogical Conditions of Formation of General Professional Competence of a Future Teacher in the Process of Mastering Additional Educational Programmes
Research ArticleDevelopment of education Volume 7 No 1- Author:
- Nellie G. Gavrilova
- Work direction:
- Pedagogy and Modern Education
- Abstract:
- The article considers the organisational and pedagogical conditions of formation of general professional competences of a future teacher in the process of mastering additional educational programmes. The author reveals the essence and content of the conditions through the formation of motivational interest in students, ensuring the integration of basic and additional educational programmes, early involvement of students in pedagogical activities. The solution of the problem of formation of general professional competences of the future teacher is considered possible within the framework of implementation of quasi-professional approach in training, which is integrated in the educational environment of the university as a set of methods and techniques of training, forms, means aimed at the formation of pre-professional mobility of students. This approach is possible through the integration of additional courses (electives, studios, creative workshops, clubs, etc.), the introduction of interactive methods, group training and research activities, practices with different purposes as a foundation for laying the basic general professional competences of future teachers. Pedagogical conditions are a necessary component of the process of professional training of students. They should be taken into account in the organisation of the pedagogical process, which will further ensure a high level of adaptation to professional activity.
- Keywords:
- integration, pedagogical activity, future teachers, basic and additional educational programmes, organisational and pedagogical conditions, quasi-professional approach, motivational interest
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The Relationship between High School Students' Entrepreneurship Needs and the Frequency of Entrepreneurship Consulting Activities by Teachers in Vietnam
Research ArticleDevelopment of education Volume 7 No 1- Authors:
- Trung Hoc Hoang, Thi T. Nguyen
- Work direction:
- Pedagogy and Modern Education
- Abstract:
- Under the impact of Industrial Revolution 4.0, promoting entrepreneurship among students is an important direction to contribute to the economic and social development of Vietnam in the current period. The study was conducted to determine the characteristics of high school students' needs for entrepreneurship, the frequency of entrepreneurial consulting activities of teachers and the relationship between them, like the basic foundation for the effective organization of entrepreneurial consulting activities for high school students. Questionnaire is the main method using in this study. The questionnaire includes 35 items, which were tested for reliability by using Cronbach's Alpha coefficient. The research subjects include 3185 Vietnamese high school students. Statistical data is processed by using SPSS version 20.0. Research results show that, the need for entrepreneurship is popular among high school students, but is not yet clear. Entrepreneurial consulting activities are implemented in schools, but the frequency is not high, conducted by teachers in the form of group classes. There is a positive, statistically significant relationship between students' need for entrepreneurship and the frequency of counseling activities for them. The research data is scientific basis for establishing the model of entrepreneurship counseling and building measures to improve the effectiveness of entrepreneurship counseling activities for Vietnamese high school students.
- Keywords:
- entrepreneurship, high school students, consultation, entrepreneurship consulting, entrepreneurial consulting activities of teachers
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A Prognostic Approach in the Process of Improving the Personal and Professional Level of Teachers in View of the Development of the Regional Educational System
Research ArticleDevelopment of education Volume 7 No 1- Authors:
- Inna G. Mazkova, Igor G. Komlev, Tatiana V. Shelukhina
- Work direction:
- Pedagogy and Modern Education
- Abstract:
- The article is devoted to the study of the issue of a prognostic approach in the process of improving the personal and professional level of teachers in view of the development of the regional educational system. One of the features of the socio-political development of the Russian education system today is the qualitative renewal of the federal structure of our state. Modernization and reform of the educational system in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation is justified by the increased responsibility of the regions for the quality of education and the need for integration into the educational space of the state. The regional education system of the various republics of the Russian Federation, having certain general invariant characteristics, always remains conditioned by geographical, economic, sociocultural, national-ethnic, and confessional specifics. The formation of regional labor markets is relevant, and the most important task of the process of improving the personal and professional level of teachers is to take into account the specifics of the regional educational system of vocational education, ensuring the social protection of teachers by introducing regional production specifics into the content and organizational forms of this type of activity.
- Keywords:
- prognostic approach, improvement of the personal and professional level of teachers, regional educational systems, regionally determined competencies
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Innovative Games as a Means of Developing the Methodological Competence of Students - Future Primary School Teachers
Review ArticleDevelopment of education Volume 6 No 4- Author:
- Larisa A. Sergeeva
- Work direction:
- Pedagogy and Modern Education
- Abstract:
- The article presents the theoretical justification and practical implementation of an educational environment aimed at developing the methodological competence of future teachers. Purpose of the study: to theoretically substantiate, practically define and experimentally create an educational environment aimed at developing methodological competence in future primary school teachers through game practice. Research methods: a) theoretical: analysis, synthesis, interpretation of scientific literature on the research problem; b) empirical: pedagogical experiment. The article describes approaches to defining the categories “competence”, “methodological competence”, “gaming practice”. The study shows the feasibility of using innovative games in teacher education and formulates the requirements for the development and implementation of innovative games. The results of the pedagogical experiment prove the effectiveness of using innovative games as a means of developing students' methodological competence. The practical significance of the study lies in the development of conditions for the use of innovative games in the methodological training of students - future teachers. The conclusions based on the results of the empirical study give reason to talk about the advisability of using elements of game practice in order to develop the methodological competence of future teachers.
- Keywords:
- competence, methodological competence, game practice, innovative games, future primary school teachers
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Predstavleniia uchitelei o predmetno-prostranstvennoi srede shkoly
Book ChapterPedagogy and Psychology as Sciences for the Formation of the Potential of Modern Society- Authors:
- Galina A. Glotova, Mariia V. Verkhoturova
- Work direction:
- Глава 12
- Abstract:
- Currently, considerable attention is paid to the role of the substantive-spatial environment in the functioning of educational institutions, from preschool institutions to higher educational institutions. The aim of the exploratory study was to examine teachers' perceptions of the substantive-spatial environment of secondary school. The study was conducted by online polling in Google form using a pilot questionnaire that included questions-statements regarding various aspects of the school's substantive-spatial environment. The respondents were 39 school teachers (33 women and 6 men). When processing the results, φ*-criterium of the Fisher angular transformation was used. The results of the study showed that the teachers showed the greatest unanimity, characterizing in general their positive attitude towards design innovations at school, and equally unanimously they did not agree that the substantive-spatial environment of the school was indifferent to them; it was shown that about two-thirds of the surveyed teachers showed interest in improving various aspects of the substantive-spatial environment of the school, which made it possible to identify their preferences in the design of the school interior (living plants, places for quiet rest, color scheme, etc.); it was noted, although less common, but also found in teachers, resistance to design innovations in the school substantive-spatial environment, varying from neutral to conservative.
- Keywords:
- the substantive-spatial environment of the school, architectural and design innovations, teachers' perceptions
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Traditsii Vserossiiskikh sezdov uchitelei i prepodavatelei geografii (1911, 2011 i 2016 gg.) kak osobyi fenomen prepodavatel'skogo i uchitel'skogo dialoga
Book ChapterPedagogy and Psychology as Sciences for the Formation of the Potential of Modern Society- Author:
- Vadim V. Bushuev
- Work direction:
- Глава 13
- Abstract:
- The chapter analyzes the activities of the congresses of teachers and teachers of geography of Russia at the beginning of the XX and XXI centuries. The results of the participation of delegates and participants at the Congress of Geography Teachers in 1915 and the All-Russian Congresses of Geography Teachers in 2011 and 2016 are characterized, the dynamics of changes in the topics of the congresses are analyzed, the issues of the methodology of teaching geography at school, forming the concept of school geographical education in Russia are touched upon.
- Keywords:
- geography teaching, education axiology, teachers' congresses, teachers' pedagogical activities
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Obuchenie inoiazychnoi monologicheskoi rechi budushchikh uchitelei inostrannogo iazyka v raznourovnevykh gruppakh
Book ChapterTopical issues of pedagogy and psychology- Authors:
- Anna V. Novoklinova, Olga V. Valko
- Work direction:
- Глава 6
- Abstract:
- The authors presented an approach to teaching foreign language monolog speech to students in multi-level groups, including numerous ones. These skills acquire particular relevance within the professional teachers’ training context: later on they teach speaking skills to their ESL students. The approach is based on video lectures hosted by TED, which are used as reference texts for students to build their own monologs. The authors outlined the principles and presented the algorithm of work. The important components are listening to the lecture (exposure to example) and redoing the speaking.
- Keywords:
- multilevel classes, speaking skills, monolog, TED talks, would-be teachers’ training
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Difficulties in adapting young teachers to professional activities: psychological context
ProceedingPedagogy, Psychology, Society- Author:
- Polina A. Baranova
- Work direction:
- Общая психология, психология личности, история психологии
- Abstract:
- The article reveals the difficulties of young teachers at the beginning of their professional development. The author pays special attention to the psychological features of the adaptation of novice teachers. To solve this problem, it is important to know what psychological difficulties young teachers face and what psychological features in the first years of work can accompany their professional activities. Knowing this will help determine the direction of psychological work with teachers and facilitate their adaptation within the walls of educational institutions.
- Keywords:
- professional adaptation, Young teachers, psychological difficulties of adaptation
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LIFELONG TEACHERS TRAINING FRAMEWORK
Book ChapterTheoretical and practical aspects of pedagogy and psychology- Authors:
- Viktoriia V. Levchenko, Ekaterina S. Lapshova
- Work direction:
- Глава 5
- Abstract:
- This paper focuses on the continuity in lifelong teachers training development framework, provided by all stages of education. Presently, continuity is a factor of competitiveness and the main component of its development. The purpose of the study is to identify the conceptual foundations of the continuity in lifelong teachers training development framework within the pedagogical studio. The research methods are theoretical, general scientific and empirical methods, statistical methods, etc. Firstly, we highlighted the factors of continuity in lifelong teachers training development framework such as targeted, substantive, technological, psychological and pedagogical, managerial, procedural. Secondly, we highlighted the components of the system of continuing professional pedagogical education. They are conceptual, substantive, procedural, emotional, methodological and analytical. Thirdly, we considered the pedagogical studio as a means of implementing continuity. Then, individual educational path were examined. Theoretical and practical results are the following: based on the program-target method the continuity in lifelong teachers training development framework contributes to teacher's personality development.
- Keywords:
- continuity, stages of education, individual educational path, teachers training, lifelong teachers training development framework, pedagogical studio
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The main requirements and risks of digital transformation of education
Review ArticleDevelopment of education Volume 5 No 3- Author:
- Olga V. Rebko
- Work direction:
- Pedagogy and Modern Education
- Abstract:
- In the context of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, the economy is in need of professionals with completely new competencies. So, the ability to make decisions based on big data, act in a situation of uncertainty, analyze and critically comprehend incoming information, etc. comes first. A modern employee is required to assimilate a new way of thinking, ethics and attitudes, the formation and development of digital culture and digital literacy. The training of such specialists becomes the most important task of education. However, the analysis of modern research shows that teachers themselves also need tools that would allow them to effectively perform their professional duties in the new economic reality. Based on the review of the requirements and the main groups of risks caused by the digital transformation of education, we conclude that the presence of a well-developed standardized model of digital competencies of teachers can become a reliable support for teachers and teachers. Also, the introduction of such a model in the educational programs of universities and professional development programs will bring the professional training of teachers in line with the requirements of digital transformation.
- Keywords:
- digitalization, digital competencies, the Fourth Industrial Revolution, digital transformation of education, digital culture, model of digital competencies, professional training of teachers
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Methodological support of practical training of future teachers
ProceedingUniversity as a factor of Modernization of Russia: History and Prospects (to the 55th anniversary of the I.N. Ulyanov ChSU)- Author:
- Lidiia G. Shestakova
- Work direction:
- Проблема организации учебного процесса и методического обеспечения в системе высшей школы
- Abstract:
- Practical training includes disciplines (modules), practices and other elements aimed at preparing students for professional activities. The purpose of the article: to describe the methodological support for the practical training of students enrolled in undergraduate programs "Pedagogical Education". Research methods: theoretical analysis of the literature on the topic, understanding the experience of training student teachers, systematization of methodological support, a survey of school teachers and students. The article presents methodological support for individual elements of practical training (the study of methodological disciplines, the implementation of term papers and graduate work, the passage of educational and industrial practices).
- Keywords:
- teacher education, methodological support, practical training of future teachers, types of educational and extracurricular work
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Digital Educational Consulting in the Professional Training of Future Teachers
Research ArticleDevelopment of education Volume 5 No 2- Authors:
- Natalia D. Golikova, Svetlana N. Fyodorova
- Work direction:
- Pedagogy and Modern Education
- Abstract:
- The article deals with the problem of professional training of future teachers in the conditions of digitalization of education. Particular attention is paid to changes in the structure and process of education due to the rapid development of new technologies, as well as the active informatization and digitalization of society. The authors emphasize the possibilities of digital educational consulting as one of the young areas, through which it is possible to minimize risks and create conditions for pedagogical support of both future teachers and young professionals. The aim of this study is to identify the significance of information and educational consulting in the professional training of future teachers. Materials and methods of research: theoretical methods (analysis and synthesis of scientific and methodological literature on the topic of research) were used in the research. Results of the study and discussion: the activities of educational institutions of higher education for adaptability to new conditions and enterprises of various actions regarding the training of competitive and adapted to the new realities of graduates of teacher training areas were analyzed; various sources were analyzed to identify the essence and semantic characteristics of the concept of «digital competence»; the essence and role of digital educational consulting in professional training were outlined Conclusions: the most advantageous way to solve the problems associated with the preparation of future teachers in the digital transformation of education is the use of a new direction in the field of consulting – «digital educational consulting», which provides skilled support for the subjects of the educational process based on the use of digital resources and digital technologies.
- Keywords:
- professional training, digital competence, future teachers, Digital technology, digital transformation (digitalization), digital educational consulting
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Ideological Origins of the Unified Labor School
Research ArticleDevelopment of education Volume 5 No 2- Author:
- Alexander N. Pozdnyakov
- Work direction:
- Дискуссия
- Abstract:
- The purpose of the article is based on the analysis of materials published in the pre-October period and in the first post-revolutionary years to identify theoretical ideas and practical developments in the field of pedagogy, which formed the basis for the design of the Soviet labor school. Research material. The main sources of the research are scientific and pedagogical publications of representatives of Western pedagogical thought and Russian pedagogy, published in the first decades of the XX century. Research results and conclusions. The analysis of the research source base allowed us to identify the ideological foundations formed in the late XIX – early XX centuries, on which the theory and practice of the labor school were built. The goal of the school was to, based on the labor principle of education The goal of the school was to ensure, based on the labor principle of education, the overall development of the intellectual abilities of the child, to teach him to observe the world around him and explore it independently, to gain knowledge by experience, to be able to continue and expand them, organically merging into one whole worldview. The developed ideological foundations became the basis for the theoretical development in 1918 of the project of a new Soviet school. However, by the end of the 1920s, in the conditions of the aggravation of the inconsistency of the proclaimed ideas with the requirements of the emerging Soviet state-political system, the increase of errors and shortcomings in their implementation, the model of the labor school ceased to be in demand.
- Keywords:
- teaching methods, labor method of education, labor school, the purpose of education, the content of education, interaction of teachers and students
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Employment strategies for future teachers
ProceedingPsychological and Pedagogical Support of General, Special and Inclusive Education of Children and Adults- Author:
- Maksim A. Karaulov
- Work direction:
- The essence of psychological security of the individual
- Abstract:
- This article examines the employment strategies of future teachers according to the following criteria: professional motivation, professional intentions, professional identity, knowledge and skills associated with the employment process. The author identified 4 strategies: strong, neutral, instrumental, weak.
- Keywords:
- professional motivation, Professional Identity, readiness for employment, future teachers, employment strategies, professional intentions
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International meeting "Community of teachers of the XXI century"
ProceedingSocio-Pedagogical Issues of Education and Upbringing- Author:
- Sergei L. Danilchenko
- Work direction:
- Социальные процессы и образование
- Abstract:
- The Commonwealth of Teachers of the XXI century is a scientific, educational and socio-pedagogical association of employees of general, professional and additional education, whose activities are aimed at discussing and researching complex problems in the field of the latest achievements of world and domestic science, topical issues of teaching methods of individual subjects and disciplines at school and university, the implementation of modern pedagogical ideas through the exchange of specific results of educational and educational practice. The Community of Teachers of the XXI century is a creative scientific and educational platform for everyone who works in the Russian education system.
- Keywords:
- Increasing the competitiveness of Russian and Sevastopol education, dissemination of scientific ideas, exchange of pedagogical experience, updating of professional competencies of teaching staff, creative activity of teachers, attracting public attention to modern problems of education, development of interregional and international cooperation
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Education in the Post-Reform Era: new Educational Realities of Russia
ProceedingThe Development of Modern Education in the Context of Pedagogical Competenciology- Author:
- Sergei L. Danilchenko
- Work direction:
- История и перспективы развития образования в контексте педагогической компетенциологии
- Abstract:
- The implementation of bourgeois reforms, the abolition of serfdom were an objective incentive for the acquisition of knowledge by the most numerous class of Russian society - the peasantry. A major role in the development of primary education was played by three-year zemstvo schools, created with modest funds from the local budget and donations from ascetics. Under the influence of the rapid development of the economy, the state is taking the most important step in the secondary education system - making the transition from real classes to real gymnasiums. The post-reform era is a time of successful development of pedagogical science.
- Keywords:
- primary education, the implementation of bourgeois reforms, the abolition of serfdom, three-year zemstvo schools, the transition from real classes to real gymnasiums, the development, discussion and adoption of the university charter of 1863, the development of pedagogical science, pedagogical periodicals, the works of scientists and teachers devoted to the problems of education and upbringing