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List of publications on a keyword: «tasks»

  • Designing tasks for the formation of engineering thinking among mid-level specialists in ship navigation management in the conditions of postgraduate education

    Proceeding
    Pedagogy, Psychology, Society: from theory to practice
    Authors:
    Valerii R. Sagiian, Tatiana K. Smykovskaia
    Work direction:
    Теория и методика профессионального образования
    Abstract:
    The article raises the problem of developing sets of tasks for the formation of engineering thinking and systematization of mathematical knowledge among mid-level specialists in ship navigation management without interrupting their professional activities. The procedures for constructing different types of tasks included in sets of tasks on educational topics of advanced training are given, as well as examples of fragments of sets of tasks on individual educational topics.
    Keywords:
    teaching methods, mathematics, engineering thinking, set of problems, educational topic, ship navigator, postgraduation period, design procedure, types of tasks
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  • Developing the interest of younger schoolchildren in studying historical facts in the process of solving functional problems

    Book Chapter
    Modern issues of pedagogy and psychology: theoretical and methodological approaches and practical research results
    Author:
    Svetlana B. Barashkina
    Work direction:
    Глава 18
    Abstract:
    In the chapter the author pays special attention to the development of interest among younger schoolchildren in studying historical facts in the context of the space of a modern school. As a problem, the author considers the volume of historical concepts offered in the course "The World around us", the lack of methodological resources in verbal teaching tools appropriate to the age and reading literacy of elementary school students. As a solution to this problem, the author suggests using a functional task technique that allows students to diversify their activities while learning about historical facts. The author's judgments are based on the views of scientists who will be of interest to the pedagogical community.
    Keywords:
    patriotic education, local history, civic identity, historical facts, subject space, functional tasks
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  • On the issue of multi-level educational tasks in mathematics for an engineering and mathematics class

    Book Chapter
    Theoretical and practical aspects of pedagogy and psychology
    Author:
    Vladimir A. Sapegin
    Work direction:
    Глава 11
    Abstract:
    The chapter discusses multi-level math assignments for an engineering and mathematics class. The requirements for mathematical questions, mathematical dictation, mathematical exercises and educational tasks for students of three level groups (proposed by the author) are highlighted and justified. The training tasks on the topic «Irrational equations with parameters» are given in accordance with the presented requirements.
    Keywords:
    multi-level learning tasks, multi-level learning exercises, multi-level questions, multi-level mathematical dictation, tasks with parameters, level groups, engineering and mathematics class
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  • Civil Procedure Improvement: from Modernization to Reforming

    Book Chapter
    Development of the Russian socio-economic system: challenges and prospects
    Authors:
    Deni A. Kurbanov, Marina S. Arutiunian, Oliver I. Khismatullin
    Work direction:
    Глава 4
    Abstract:
    The relevance of the topic is due to the need for a detailed consideration of the main provisions of the civil procedure in order to develop forms and ways to improve the current civil procedure. The chapter describes some theoretical and legal aspects of the study of the problems of civil procedure improvement. The analysis of the positions of scientists contained in the scientific literature devoted to the study of issues related to the improvement and modernization of civil procedure is carried out. The necessity of improving procedural issues in civil procedure during the preparation and consideration of a case is substantiated.
    Keywords:
    civil procedure, methods of legal procedure, forms of legal procedure, tasks of civil procedure, terms of preparation of the case, timeliness of legal procedure, quality of legal procedure, modernization of legal procedure, improvement of legal procedure
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  • The project method as a technology of teaching physics to students of technical universities

    Proceeding
    Relevant problems of modern science and education
    Author:
    Pavel M. Kasimov
    Work direction:
    Передовой педагогический опыт среднего профессионального образования и высшей школы
    Abstract:
    This article defines the concepts of «project method», «independent work of students». The role of the teacher in the project method is defined, the main requirements for the use of the project method and its advantages are presented. The basic principles of teaching and a number of factors controlled by the teacher in the learning process and influencing the successful construction of knowledge and the effective work of the student on the project are presented. The application of the project method allows taking into account the individual characteristics of students and provides them with additional opportunities for personal and professional development.
    Keywords:
    engineering education, physics, design method, professionally oriented tasks
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  • ACTIVATION OF INDEPENDENT WORK TO SOLVE APPLIED AND CREATIVE TASKS IN THE COURSE OF STUDYING GRAPHIC DISCIPLINES

    Proceeding
    The Development of Modern Education in the Context of Pedagogical Competenciology
    Authors:
    Ol'ga N. Nazarova, Natalia G. Zimina
    Work direction:
    Теория и методика развития образовательных компетенций обучающихся
    Abstract:
    The article describes a methodology for solving applied and creative tasks in the course of studying graphic disciplines in order to activate independent work. A general plan for solving applied and creative tasks is presented. A concrete example of solving the same graphical problem in classical and applied formulations is considered. It is revealed that the creative formulation of a graphic problem increases the motivation for studying descriptive geometry, and, consequently, activates the process of independent work of students.
    Keywords:
    independent work, graphic disciplines, applied and creative tasks
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  • Addressing the Topic of the Great Patriotic War of 1941 – 1945 in Foreign Language Classes in University Settings as a Tool for Fostering Patriotism in Younger Generation

    Proceeding
    University as a factor of Modernization of Russia: History and Prospects (to the 55th anniversary of the I.N. Ulyanov ChSU)
    Author:
    Nina V. Bagretsova
    Work direction:
    Новые подходы в изучении истории Великой Отечественной войны
    Abstract:
    Emphasizing the importance of passing on the memory of the Great Patriotic War to the younger generation in order to instill in them devotion to their native country, the article proposes to address this topic in foreign language classes in university settings as one of the ways to achieve this aim. Various aspects of topic-based instruction ensuring the development of the necessary communicative competencies of students are considered. The article focuses on authentic tasks and online tools for autonomous work on them: dictionaries, machine translation tools and speech synthesizers.
    Keywords:
    foreign language, Great Patriotic War, World War II, topic-based instruction, authentic tasks, online language learning tools
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  • Organization of research work of engineering class students on the topic "Signs of a parallelogram and its particular types"

    Proceeding
    Engineering education in the conditions of digitalization of society and economy
    Authors:
    Kseniia V. Trushnikova, Anastasiia S. Odnobokova, Tatiana K. Smykovskaia
    Work direction:
    Инженерные классы: опыт и перспективы развития
    Abstract:
    The article shows by example the methodology of organizing research work in the study of mathematics in school by students of engineering classes. The developed methodology was tested in engineering classes of Lyceum No. 1 and 3 in Volgograd.
    Keywords:
    teaching mathematics, research work, engineering class, analogy method, counterexample, interactive tasks
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  • Opyt ispol'zovaniia elektronnogo onlain-kursa "K-EGE po informatike i IKT" pri formatirovanii kriticheskogo myshleniia u uchashchikhsia inzhenernykh klassov

    Proceeding
    Pedagogy, Psychology, Society
    Authors:
    Lidiia V. Druzhinina, Tatiana K. Smykovskaia
    Work direction:
    Теория и методика обучения и воспитания
    Abstract:
    The article presents the experience of using an electronic online course "Exam in Computer Science and ICT" in preparing students for the Unified State Exam in computer science. This course was implemented during the implementation of the "Engineering Class" program at the Volgograd State Technical University. The influence of the level of development of students' critical thinking on the quality of preparation and the effectiveness of passing the Unified State Exam is substantiated. A model of task material for an electronic online course, including tasks for the development of critical thinking, is presented.
    Keywords:
    educational tasks, critical thinking, engineering class, mental maps, online electronic course, school preparation, computer science and ICT
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  • Readiness of military units and subunits to carry out tasks for their intended purpose

    Research Article
    Development of education Volume 6 No 2
    Authors:
    Elena V. Bogomolova, Sergei V. Kiselev, Alexei V. Fediushkin
    Work direction:
    Pedagogy and Modern Education
    Abstract:
    The purpose of the study is to define the concept of “readiness of military units and subunits to perform tasks for their intended purpose”, its essence and structure, criteria and indicators for assessing the formation of readiness. Based on the analysis of the main documents in the field of security of the Russian Federation, psychological, pedagogical, scientific and military literature, documents in the field of readiness, professional readiness, combat training, readiness of military units and units to perform tasks for their intended purpose in a short time; the results of observations of the practice of training military units and units, conversations with teachers and officers the concept of “readiness of military units and military units to perform tasks for their intended purpose” has been clarified, which means integrative quality, due to their personal characteristics and determining the possibility of carrying out official tasks, acting in concert as part of a unit in various physical and geographical conditions and against any opponent, represented by a set of motivational-value, cognitive, operational and reflexive components.
    Keywords:
    readiness, military personnel of airborne units and units, tasks for their intended purpose
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  • Tekhnologiia formirovaniia professional'no-didakticheskoi gotovnosti budushchikh uchitelei fizicheskoi kul'tury

    Book Chapter
    Pedagogy and Psychology of Modern Education
    Authors:
    Omar M. Omarov, Natal'ia B. Novikova, Bablina M. Borlakova
    Work direction:
    Глава 7
    Abstract:
    The chapter discusses the didactic aspects of the professional training of future teachers in higher educational institutions. The article reveals the structural components and pedagogical conditions of the technology of formation of didactic culture among future teachers of physical culture, as an integral set of qualities of the personality of the teacher, providing him with a successful solution in the professional activity of teaching tasks. The results of the study on the formation of a system of professional didactic knowledge, skills and abilities of students of physical education training profiles are presented. The experience of work on the introduction of multi-level educational and professional tasks based on the technologies of didactic design and problem-based learning into the educational process of specialized sports disciplines is described.
    Keywords:
    modeling, professional didactic training, criteria of didactic readiness, sports and pedagogical discipline, typical and creative practice-oriented tasks
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  • USING INTEGRATED LEARNING TECHNOLOGY IN RUSSIAN LANGUAGE CLASSES

    Book Chapter
    Pedagogy and Psychology of Modern Education
    Authors:
    Anastasia V. Koreneva, Oksana V. Savateeva, Anastasiia P. Salishcheva
    Work direction:
    Глава 9
    Abstract:
    The chapter discusses the specifics of integrated Russian language teaching. The possibilities of its integration with other school subjects are characterized. Based on the analysis of textbooks and questionnaires of teachers of literature, it is determined to what extent the technology of integrated teaching of the Russian language is implemented in the classroom. The system of integrated tasks in the Russian language is presented. It is proved that in the process of integrated teaching of the Russian language, students' knowledge becomes systemic, skills become generalized, complex. The quality of learning of the material both in the Russian language and in those school subjects with which its integration is carried out increases.
    Keywords:
    integration, Russian language, integrated lesson, interdisciplinary connections, integrated tasks
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  • Digital Technologies in Learning Process

    Book Chapter
    Pedagogy and Psychology as Sciences for the Formation of the Potential of Modern Society
    Authors:
    Elena V. Burtseva, Igor P. Rak
    Work direction:
    Глава 2
    Abstract:
    Digital technologies have a great impact on modern society, it also affects the field of education. In the study the authors consider an integrated approach to using the possibilities of digital technologies in the educational process on the example of training students in legal areas of training, providing both the formation of students with the necessary digital competencies and improving the quality of education.
    Keywords:
    educational process, digital technologies, digital environment, legal areas of training, digital competencies, professionally-oriented tasks
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  • The Role of Creative Tasks in the Development of Future Guides of the Course “Museums of the World”

    Book Chapter
    Pedagogy and Psychology as Sciences for the Formation of the Potential of Modern Society
    Authors:
    Svetlana F. Maslennikova, Olga B. Mezenina, Anna A. Medvedeva
    Work direction:
    Глава 16
    Abstract:
    The authors reveal some aspects of the application of creative tasks when mastering the course «Museums of the World» by future bachelors of tourism in this chapter. The fulfillment of these tasks contributes to the formation of general cultural and professional competencies of students. The authors introduce the results of educational and research work and completed creative tasks to students of the Ural State Forestry University.
    Keywords:
    creative tasks, museums of the world, Hendrik Averkamp, Leonardo da Vinci, Jan van Eyck, guide
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  • SIGNIFICANCE OF LANGUAGE AND CULTURAL-ETHICAL ASPECTS IN THE WORK OF THE CUSTOMS SERVICE

    Proceeding
    Days of Student Science
    Authors:
    Iuliia S. Levit, Flera L. Mazitova
    Work direction:
    Современные гуманитарные науки и проблемы языкознания
    Abstract:
    The formation of language training and a culture of interethnic communication and interaction is an important component in the professional training of customs specialists. Mastering the art of understanding people and, on this basis, managing their behavior is the most important sign of the professionalism of customs officials. An important component in the professional training of future customs specialists is the development of intercultural competence skills. In the daily work of a customs officer, business etiquette of communication is of particular importance.
    Keywords:
    customs, professional tasks, professional foreign language competence, culture of interethnic communication
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  • Learning experience and a strategy for evaluating written speech in French of proficiency level B1 within the competence approach

    Proceeding
    The Development of Modern Education in the Context of Pedagogical Competenciology
    Authors:
    Aleksandra O. Dragavtseva, Nataliia A. Chelysheva, Olga A. Bogacheva
    Work direction:
    Современные подходы в обучении и воспитании
    Abstract:
    This article summarizes the experience of practical teaching work on the development of skills and teaching written speech in French in the process of gaining level B1. Within the framework of the competence approach and focusing on modern educational and methodological complexes of French authors, strategies and standard tasks of DELF, teachers rethought and adjusted these scenarios based on their own long-term classroom practice, features and conditions of the curriculum. The experience was systematized and presented in this work in the form of specific recommendations to students for the production of written creative works of the level and the appropriate table of criteria for their evaluation.
    Keywords:
    competence approach, written speech, recommendations for the production of written creative works, the main formats of written tasks of the level and requirements for them, a table of criteria for evaluating written creative works
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  • Dukhovno-nravstvennye aspekty khudozhestvennogo vospitaniia detei i molodiozhi

    Proceeding
    Pedagogical Activity of an Educational Organization – The Space of Personal Growth of Participants in Educational Relations
    Author:
    Marina I. Graf
    Work direction:
    Патриотические и духовно-нравственные национальные аспекты воспитания детей и молодежи
    Abstract:
    The article deals with the problem of educating and educating students of a children's art school in the context of the tasks of developing a harmonious creative personality with Russian traditional spiritual values. The purpose of this painstaking work is to develop special pedagogical conditions for involving students in classroom and extracurricular activities.The main forms and methods of organizing various types of activities in accordance with this issue are presented. Attracting children and youth to spiritual values ​​and maintaining their moral health through teaching the fine arts require professional competence, an active life position and indifference of teachers.
    Keywords:
    information technology, spiritual values, extracurricular activities, educational tasks, reading, visual arts, observation, moral health
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  • Solution of Educational and Professional Tasks of Various Levels of Integrativity is an Innovative Didactic Tool for Professional Training of Cadets

    Proceeding
    Psychologically Safe Educational Environment: Design Problems and Development Prospects
    Author:
    Vladimir P. Bykov
    Work direction:
    Personal health and security in the modern educational system
    Abstract:
    Nowadays, large educational institutions focus primarily on the formation and development of basic skills. In air training schools basic skills are supplemented by professional skills. For further work in aviation units, graduates must acquire such qualities as communication skills, creativity, ability to work in a team (crew), and the ability to think critically. But without basic professional skills, cadets will not be able to master the most complex modern aviation equipment. Therefore, for the formation of these skills, it is necessary at the initial stage to be able to solve educational and professional tasks of various levels of integrativity. This article presents the solution of educational and professional tasks of various levels of integrativity, which is a necessary condition for improving the professional level of cadets. The soluition of the educational and professional tasks of different level of integrity as an innovative didactic mean of formation of basic professional skills represented as an integrative course based on the modular approach includes cross-subject lectures, various practical trainings and self-tuition aimed at solution of both academical and professional task of various levels of integrativity via interrelation of special subjects (military and professional) and flying practice.
    Keywords:
    basic professional skills, integrative assessment of basic professional skills, level of integrativity of educational and professional tasks, practical training, cross-subject relations
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  • Test tasks Application for Effective Assessment of Student Performance

    Proceeding
    Pedagogical and sociological aspects of education
    Authors:
    Tatiana A. Salogub, Galina A. Antropova
    Work direction:
    Образовательный процесс в организациях общего и ДО
    Abstract:
    The article deals with the actual problem of using test tasks to control students' knowledge, practical recommendations for the development of test tasks. The existing model of education focuses students on independence, mobility, and obtaining a competitive profession. The acquisition of the necessary competencies, from school to University, is accompanied by pedagogical training of students, with constant monitoring of training. At all stages of training, tested knowledge control is applied, and it becomes important to correctly compile and apply test tasks as a means of evaluating the quality of students' knowledge.
    Keywords:
    students, test tasks, competencies, tasks with the choice of an answer, common mistakes in testing design, assessment of the quality of knowledge
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  • Organization of the supply Department

    Proceeding
    Relevant issues of management, economics and economic security
    Author:
    Igor V. Lutsenko
    Work direction:
    Менеджмент и его разновидности, диверсификация, маркетинг, ценообразование
    Abstract:
    The company's activity depends on the well-coordinated and productive work of all its divisions. This article will focus on the effective organization of the supply Department as one of the key parts of the company. The main tasks of the supply Department, the relationship with related departments as the basis of continuous production are considered. The author emphasizes the importance of building correct partnerships with suppliers, gives examples of the most common mistakes in the work of purchasing specialists and ways to prevent them.
    Keywords:
    planning, supply Department, production, purchasing specialist, errors in work, supplier, tasks
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  • Revisiting Design of a Variable Model of Adolescents’ Deviant Behavior Correction by Methods of Art Education and Culturology Taking Into Account the Requirements of FSES

    Book Chapter
    Education and Pedagogy: Current Trends
    Authors:
    Natalia A. Mikhalchenkova, Nadezhda V. Kulikova, Iuliia M. Bolshakova, Svetlana V. Krasilnikova, Ilia M. Slobodchikov
    Work direction:
    Глава II. Современные образовательные практики
    Abstract:
    The authors outline that it is necessary to solve such a complex and large-scale problem as the growth of deviations among the younger generation. Also the authors point out the lack of methodological continuity in approaches implemented in the processes of education and upbringing. It is found out that educational models and upbringing models are realized as processes that are not connected to each other, which significantly reduces the effectiveness of the educational process and does not fully take into account all the psychological and pedagogical aspects of the implementation of educational programs. The aim of the work is to establish causal relationships between the development of universal learning activities and the education of a cultural personality, necessary for the harmonious development of adolescents. A number of conceptual models (schemes) that reflect the basic concepts of these processes and the conceptual modeling method were used in order to achieve the aim. The results of the work are the following: presentation of a scenario model of the process of implementing universal learning actions (ULA) and identification of areas of application of efforts of teachers and psychologists in the implementation of adolescents’ deviant behavior correction using methods of art education and cultural studies. The authors make the main conclusion that educational and creative tasks play a system-forming role in the implementation of the ULA, and the methods of art education and cultural studies are an effective tool for correcting deviant behavior.
    Keywords:
    activity approach, educational space, universal learning actions, design of a correction model, deviant behavior of adolescents, meta-subject results, educational tasks, methods of art education and cultural studies, invariant modules of the GEP program, FSES of the third generation
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  • Multi-Level Complex Tasks in the System of Assessment Tools (On Example of a Physics Course)

    Research Article
    Development of education No 3 (9)
    Author:
    Olga V. Plotnikova
    Work direction:
    Theoretical and Applied Education Research
    Abstract:
    The article discusses the problem of forming a system of assessment tools in the context of modular competence-based learning. The aim of the research is to find the optimal means for assessing the level of competence formation. In author’s opinion, one of the abovementioned means is complex tasks that include several multi-level components. Based on the analysis of ways to solve this problem, presented in the scientific and pedagogical literature, the author offers criteria for selecting tasks for the formation of a system of assessment tools aimed at diagnosing the level of formation of necessary competencies, shows the role of complex tasks for such diagnostics. Using the example of the physics course, their possible structure and the problems solved by individual elements of this structure are reviewed. Examples of such tasks are given, and it is shown that they allow to diagnose the level of formation of individual elements of competence, adjust teaching methods and motivate students to work actively, seek out additional information, promote awareness of the importance of discipline as a professional one. The results of the research generalize the personal experience of teaching physics at the Far Eastern Federal University and can be used by university teachers in creating their own system of assessment tools.
    Keywords:
    competence-based learning, a system of assessment tools, levels of competence formation, complex tasks, physics course
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  • Searching Means for Forming Readiness for Health-Saving Activities in Future Specialists in Medical and Preventative Care

    Research Article
    Development of education No 2 (8)
    Author:
    Olga I. Ilina
    Work direction:
    Practice
    Abstract:
    The results of experimental work on the elective course “Health-saving activities of a doctor in health care organizations” for students studying in the specialty of medical and preventive care, in accordance with the competencies proposed by the Federal State Educational Standard is highlighted in the article. Methods. As the main methods aimed at forming the components of professional and psychological readiness for health-saving activities, test, creative assignment, project method were included to the elective course. A general assessment of the effectiveness of the above mentioned methods is based on an analysis of subjective and conditionally objective assessments on the formation of readiness for health-saving activities, which were obtained on the basis of specially developed questions and the method of pedagogical assessment, the criteria of which took into account the type of students' assignments. Results. The analysis of the results allowed us to draw the following conclusions: it is meaningful to take into account the stages of knowledge assimilation and experience in the discipline when selecting training methods; the effectiveness of the project method and its place in achieving mastery of course – the stage of consolidation and deepening of knowledge, mastering skills in professional activities – is demonstrated;it is necessary to include elements of active, interactive and simulation methods as means of stimulating the reflection of one’s own psychological readiness for professional activity among future specialists.
    Keywords:
    project, project method, competencies, project activity, readiness for health-saving activities, method of creative tasks
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  • Methods of Increasing Motivation and Quality of Potential Primary School Teachers’ Mathematical Education

    Research Article
    Development of education No 4 (6)
    Authors:
    Rimma V. Kanbekova, Elvira A. Izhbulatova, Liliya K. Salimova
    Work direction:
    Theoretical and applied education research
    Abstract:
    The article describes the implementation of project tasks in the study of rational and irrational numbers, presents the results of a questionnaire survey of students, potential primary school teachers, while studying the numerical line in a course on mathematics. The purpose of the article is to consider the effect of supplementing a material of a numerical line with original content on motivation when teaching mathematics to students of non-mathematical profiles. Methods. A questionnaire survey was conducted on the indifferent or negative attitude of students to the study of the rational and irrational numbers theory. Using theoretical and experimental methods, the hypothesis on the formation of positive motivation among students through the solution of project tasks, the compilation and implementation of which gives them a sense of independence, freedom of choice, success, is tested. Conclusions presented in the article are based on the results of the study. Due to the implementation of project tasks, students in the study of the discipline «Mathematics» felt the usefulness of the knowledge gained and showed high marks on exams. It is concluded that the teaching of the numerical line in the course on mathematics at the university using the techniques mentioned below in the article allowed to increase the level of positive motivation among students.
    Keywords:
    project tasks, motivation to study a numerical line, a course on mathematics, motivation factors, a sense of independence, freedom of choice, success
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  • Analysis of Applied Problems in Modern Textbooks of Algebra and Geometry from Positions of the FSES BGE Requirements

    Research Article
    Development of education No 4 (6)
    Author:
    Aleksandr V. Bychkov
    Work direction:
    Education system in Russia
    Abstract:
    The article discusses the concept of «mathematical literacy», which is important from positions of the PISA international studies requirements. There are three types of activity (formulation of the situation mathematically, application of mathematics, interpretation of the result), the possession of which is checked in the PISA study. The article presents the subject results formulated in the FSES of BGE, on the study of which the subject area «Mathematics» is aimed, reflecting the need for the formation of selected components of mathematical literacy in students. The article presents the results of the analysis of tasks presented in the most common textbooks on algebra and geometry of the main school. The purpose of the analysis was to identify the presence of practice-oriented tasks in textbooks that meet the requirements of the FSES of BGE and the requirements of diagnostic tools used in international PISA studies. During the study the following methods were used: comparison, analysis, theoretical. The study was based on the most frequently used in school practice textbooks of the following authors: L.S. Atanasyan, V.F. Butuzov, S.B. Kadomtsev, E.G. Poznyak, I.I. Yudina, L.S. Atanasyan, V.F. Butuzov, etc. Result: the article presents the results of the analysis of the problem material presented in the most common textbooks on algebra and geometry of the general school. On the basis of the analysis of three author's lines on the study of geometry in the general school, common problems are identified. An example of a practical problem, confirming the conclusions, formulated during the analysis is given. The authorcomes to the conclusion that there is still lack of practice-oriented tasks in modern textbooks on algebra, helping to motivate students to conscious assimilation of mathematical facts and statements, providing the formation of the ability to model on the basis of a real, life situation.
    Keywords:
    international PISA studies, FSES of BGE, disadvantages of national tasks, formulating situation mathematically, application of mathematics, interpretation, algebra, geometry
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