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List of publications on a keyword: «language»

  • Hardware architectures for local learning of large language models: an overview of scalable solutions

    Conference Paper
    Current issues of integrating science and practice in the context of transforming socio-economic systems
    Authors:
    Nikolai A. Kopyrkin, Anna D. Sudakova
    Work direction:
    Развитие информационных технологий в условиях трансформации социально-экономических систем
    Abstract:
    The article discusses which hardware accelerators are advisable to use if you need to train large language models on your own servers, rather than in the cloud. The main types of accelerators are analyzed — GPU, ASIC, FPGA and others. The cost of ownership of different solutions for local use when installing 256 accelerators is compared separately. As a result, it is concluded that the choice of equipment should take into account not only the speed of calculations, but also the costs of electricity, cooling and software compatibility.
    Keywords:
    large language models, hardware accelerators, scalable architectures, total cost of ownership, local deployment
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  • Psychological and pedagogical determinants of the organization of independent work of engineering students in the electronic information and educational environment of a digital university: a theoretical analysis

    Book Chapter
    Issues of education and psychology
    Authors:
    Nadezhda I. Chernova, Natalia I. Eremkina
    Work direction:
    Глава 7
    Abstract:
    The chapter notes that the transformation of higher education and the transition to the digital university model highlight the relevance of organizing independent work for students, particularly those in engineering disciplines, when learning a foreign language within the electronic information and educational environment (EIEE). Based on a theoretical analysis of scientific literature, key factors influencing independent work in a digital environment have been identified. It is established that psychological determinants include academic self-regulation, the motivational-volitional sphere, cognitive styles, language anxiety, and digital competence. Pedagogical determinants encompass modular design and microlearning, pedagogical support (scaffolding), critical integration of artificial intelligence tools, formative assessment, and gamification. A theoretical model for organizing independent work has been developed, comprising motivational-goal, content-operational, communicative-collaborative, and evaluative-reflexive components. The study concludes that the technological infrastructure of the EIEE requires specific pedagogical design and consideration of the psychological characteristics of engineering students. The findings of the study can be applied in the design of educational programs, the development of teaching materials, and the creation of support systems for independent work in digital universities.
    Keywords:
    foreign language, artificial intelligence, independent work, electronic information and educational environment, scaffolding, engineering students, digital university, psycho-pedagogical determinants, academic self-regulation, microlearning
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  • Didakticheskie vozmozhnosti sovremennogo uchebnika po inostrannomu iazyku dlia neiazykovykh spetsial'nostei

    Book Chapter
    Issues of education and psychology
    Authors:
    Marina V. Borovkova, Natalia V. Sadykova, Natal'ia V. Ialaeva
    Work direction:
    Глава 13
    Abstract:
    The chapter is devoted to the study of the didactic potential of modern English for Specific Purposes (ESP) textbooks. The paper presents a multidimensional analysis of the structure, content, and methodological apparatus of two textbooks designed for students of technical and legal specialties. Special attention is paid to the compliance of educational materials with the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standards for Higher Education, the principles of communicative linguodidactics, as well as their ability to develop both universal cultural and professionally oriented competences. The empirical part of the study, based on a survey of students and teachers, reveals the actual didactic potential of the textbooks, their strong points and problematic aspects for methodological improvement. The research will be useful for foreign language teachers, researchers in the field of linguodidactics, authors of textbooks, as well as master's degree students and postgraduates of relevant research trends.
    Keywords:
    foreign language, teaching methodology, textbook, professionally-oriented training
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  • The language of professional communication: approaches, model, and content of learning in theory and practice of Russian as a foreign language

    Book Chapter
    Issues of education and psychology
    Authors:
    Natalya S. Shatalova, Liudmila S. Shatalova
    Work direction:
    Глава 15
    Abstract:
    The chapter addresses the problem of creating a modern integrative model for teaching foreign language professional communication, taking into account the requirements of professionalization and specialization. Teaching professional communication is considered as an independent area in the methodology of teaching Russian as a foreign language. The article presents a theoretical justification of the proposed model, characterized by phasing and staging of instruction (in accordance with the Federal State Educational Standard) and level-based content (bachelor's degree, language proficiency levels B1-C1). Modern approaches to modeling the process of teaching professional communication are considered as a synthesis of conceptual provisions of pedagogical and linguodidactic paradigms. The results of linguistic research on metalanguages of various types of professional discourse for educational purposes are clarified. The basic components of the didactic support of the model are identified, and the pedagogical tools for its implementation are characterized. The content of the diagnostic system for assessing the level of communicative competence formation is defined. A system for diagnosing the effectiveness of professional communication language proficiency is proposed, specifying invariant tasks for levels B1-C1. Theoretical methods, content analysis, continuous sampling method, and statistical methods were applied.
    Keywords:
    professional communication, general theory of linguodidactics, methods of teaching Russian as a foreign language, professional discourse, meta-language of professional communication, and a modern integrative model of teaching the language of professional communication
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  • Opportunities for the integration of Russian and English languages within the school Philology curriculum

    Book Chapter
    Issues of education and psychology
    Authors:
    Anastasia V. Koreneva, Oksana V. Savateeva
    Work direction:
    Глава 17
    Abstract:
    The chapter discusses the theoretical foundations of the integration of Russian and foreign languages in school education, analyzes its potential and practical mechanisms of implementation. The most productive content areas for interdisciplinary interaction are characterized. Examples of integrated lessons are demonstrated, which contribute to the formation of a holistic philological consciousness among students.
    Keywords:
    foreign language, teaching methods, Russian language, interdisciplinary connections, integration in education, borrowed vocabulary, philological education
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  • Experimental test of the effectiveness of motivational tasks in Russian language lessons in grades 5–6

    Book Chapter
    Issues of education and psychology
    Authors:
    Anastasia V. Koreneva, Sofia A. Shamysheva
    Work direction:
    Глава 20
    Abstract:
    This chapter presents the results of a pedagogical experiment that tested the effectiveness of a developed system of tasks aimed at increasing students' motivation to learn Russian. The control group studied using traditional methods, while the experimental group incorporated special motivational tasks based on regional language and speech material into their in-class and extracurricular activities. Three methods are described in detail: a “Table of Forbidden Words” (developing speech culture and self-control), a project-based study of a poem by a local author (updating the cultural code), and a translation analysis of a regional text. Quantitative and qualitative results of the initial and final assessments are presented, as well as a comparative analysis of the academic performance and engagement levels of students in the experimental and control classes. These findings demonstrate consistent positive trends. Qualitative changes were also recorded-increased cognitive independence, decreased anxiety, and increased engagement in class. It is concluded that the inclusion of regionally-focused motivational tasks is effective not only in increasing interest in the Russian language but also in improving subject achievement among students in grades 5 and 6.
    Keywords:
    regional component, speech culture, learning motivation, educational outcomes, project-based learning, рedagogical experiment, Russian as a school subject, Komi-Izhem language
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  • ПРОЕКТНАЯ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТЬ СТУДЕНТА КАК ОДИН ИЗ МЕТОДОВ ОБУЧЕНИЯ ГОВОРЕНИЮ

    Conference Paper
    Advanced Pedagogical Experience in the Modern Educational Space
    Author:
    Elena G. Khitarova
    Work direction:
    Методология и педагогический дизайн в гибридном и дистанционном обучении
    Abstract:
    This article reveals the basic principles of teaching English speaking skills through project activities. The goal is to analyze the students project activities. The tasks are as follows: to consider the basic terms, to study practical aspects and others. The conclusion is given.
    Keywords:
    foreign language, project activities, reading, speaking, teaching methodology
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  • The impact of artificial intelligence on English language learning among university students: opportunities, risks, and pedagogical conditions

    Conference Paper
    Education, innovation, research as a resource for community development
    Authors:
    Oleg P. Yuzhalin, Ivan A. Filatov, Anastasia V. Filipskaya
    Work direction:
    Современные технологии в образовании
    Abstract:
    This article reviews recent evidence on how artificial intelligence (AI) affects English language learning among university students. Based on systematic reviews, meta-analyses, empirical studies, and UNESCO guidance, the paper shows that AI can support vocabulary, writing, reading, speaking practice, and self-regulated learning. At the same time, it can weaken learning when students rely on it uncritically or use it without ethical boundaries. The article argues that AI is most effective as a supplementary tool within teacher-guided instruction and proposes conditions for responsible classroom integration.
    Keywords:
    artificial intelligence, university students, generative AI, English language learning, self-regulated learning
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  • Modern technologies in English language education: a comprehensive review of current trends, effectiveness, and future directions

    Conference Paper
    Education, innovation, research as a resource for community development
    Authors:
    Aleksandr S. Astaichenkov, Andrey A. Aleksandrov, Mikhail S. Afanasev, Olga V. Sharapova
    Work direction:
    Современные технологии в образовании
    Abstract:
    This article examines five categories of technological innovations in English language education: artificial intelligence and machine learning, mobile-assisted language learning, virtual and augmented reality, game-based learning and gamification, and blended learning and flipped classroom models. The article analyzes empirical evidence on the effectiveness of these technologies, including a comparative study of mobile and traditional instruction, systematic reviews of AR/VR and K-12 EFL, as well as experimental data on the use of ChatGPT for developing speaking skills. The article discusses implementation challenges, including the digital divide, lack of teacher training, algorithmic bias, risks of plagiarism, and linguistic homogenization. Finally, it formulates conditions for the responsible integration of AI: the development of AI literacy, human-in-the-loop pedagogy, and the design of tasks that require critical thinking rather than mere output generation.
    Keywords:
    artificial intelligence, virtual reality, blended learning, Gamification, mobile-assisted language learning
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  • AUTOMATION OF PRONUNCIATION ASSESSMENT: DEVELOPMENT OF A SPEECH RECOGNITION SYSTEM PROTOTYPE FOR PHONETIC CORRECTION OF STUDENTS

    Conference Paper
    Education, innovation, research as a resource for community development
    Authors:
    Artiom G. Elizbarian, Anna S. Klimash, Inessa S. Kappusheva, Alena R. Novikova
    Work direction:
    Современные технологии в образовании
    Abstract:
    This article is devoted to the development of a prototype automated pronunciation assessment system based on speech recognition technologies. The algorithmic foundations of phonetic analysis, the prototype architecture, methods of integration into the educational process, and the pedagogical effectiveness of the approach are examined. Practical recommendations for using the system for phonetic correction of students at various levels of language proficiency are proposed.
    Keywords:
    foreign language teaching, neural networks, speech recognition, phonetic correction, automated pronunciation assessment, language technologies
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  • The role of English language proficiency in ensuring internet safety

    Conference Paper
    Education, innovation, research as a resource for community development
    Authors:
    Matvey V. Zharov, Oleg I. Bychkov, Anastasia V. Filipskaya
    Work direction:
    Современные технологии в образовании
    Abstract:
    The article examines the relationship between English language proficiency and cybersecurity awareness among non-native English-speaking internet users. The study analyzes common internet safety scenarios-including phishing detection, privacy settings configuration, and security software usage to identify how English competence affects user protection. Recommendations for improving digital safety education for non-English speakers are presented.
    Keywords:
    digital literacy, cybersecurity, phishing, internet safety, English language proficiency, linguistic barriers, online threats
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  • USE OF MODERN TECHNOLOGIES AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNING

    Conference Paper
    Education, innovation, research as a resource for community development
    Authors:
    Artiom G. Elizbarian, Anna S. Klimash, Inessa S. Kappusheva, Alena R. Novikova
    Work direction:
    Современные технологии в образовании
    Abstract:
    This article explores the integration of digital tools and artificial intelligence technologies into language education. Specific platforms and services are examined, their pedagogical effectiveness is analyzed, risks are discussed, and recommendations for the systematic use of technologies in the educational process are offered.
    Keywords:
    artificial intelligence, English language, learning, digital technologies, Gamification
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  • E-learning technologies in professional language training

    Conference Paper
    Education, innovation, research as a resource for community development
    Authors:
    Demyan A. Tolpygin, Anastasia V. Filipskaya
    Work direction:
    Образовательный процесс в высшей профессиональной школе
    Abstract:
    The paper analyzes the role of e-learning technologies in professional language training in the context of digitalization. It focuses on the advantages of digital tools, including flexibility, accessibility, and interactivity, as well as their role in developing communicative and intercultural competence. The study also emphasizes current challenges and future prospects of digital learning.
    Keywords:
    e-learning, professional training, digitalization, digital technologies, foreign languages
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  • INTERCULTURAL PRAGMATIC FAILURES AND LANGUAGE TEACHING (BASED ON POLITENESS EXPRESSIONS IN CHINESE, RUSSIAN, AND UZBEK)

    Conference Paper
    Education, innovation, research as a resource for community development
    Authors:
    Bo Yan, Mukhabbat M. Kurbanova
    Work direction:
    Филология в системе образования
    Abstract:
    In intercultural communication, foreign language learners may produce pragmatic failures due to the inappropriate use of politeness expressions, even if they possess a high level of grammatical and lexical competence. Chinese, Russian, and Uzbek differ significantly in their socio-cultural backgrounds, politeness norms, and models of speech behavior. Therefore, speakers of these languages often encounter intercultural pragmatic deviations in the use of forms of address, requests, expressions of gratitude, and responses to gratitude. A systematic analysis of pragmatic failures in these three languages from the perspective of intercultural pragmatics can provide useful guidance for foreign language teaching practice.
    Keywords:
    Russian language, speech etiquette, Chinese language, politeness expressions, intercultural pragmatic failure, pragmatic teaching, Uzbek language
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  • Micro-project activities in English lessons as a resource for the development of the school community

    Conference Paper
    Education, innovation, research as a resource for community development
    Authors:
    Maksime K. Chkhobadze, Elkhan I. Poladov, Arsenii A. Alkhimov, Maksim A. Svetikov, Andrei A. Dementev, Oleg S. Anufriev
    Work direction:
    Исследования в образовании и образовательные практики как инструмент принятия решений
    Abstract:
    This article examines the use of microprojects in English lessons as a way to develop a learning community. English is presented not only as a subject but also as a tool for communication, research, collaboration, and presentation. Particular attention is paid to developing students' communicative, digital, and social competencies through assignments related to school, family, and community life.
    Keywords:
    innovation, research, soft skills, English language, communication, digital tools, microproject, educational community
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  • Digital tools in teaching English to first-year university students

    Conference Paper
    Pedagogy, Psychology, Society: from theory to practice
    Authors:
    Ilya A. Andreev, Nikita S. Ibrishim, Anastasia A. Kukleva
    Work direction:
    Цифровая трансформация образования
    Abstract:
    This paper examines the effectiveness of digital tools in English language classes for first-year university students. Based on personal experience and academic literature analysis (2021–2025), the authors propose a five-category classification of digital resources, evaluate their impact on specific language skills and student motivation, compare digital and traditional approaches, and offer recommendations for phased integration during the first-year adaptation period.
    Keywords:
    higher education, artificial intelligence, digital tools, Gamification, English language teaching, digital transformation of education, student motivation, first-year students, learning management systems, mobile-assisted language learning
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  • The use of automated writing evaluation systems in foreign language teaching as an element of digital transformation in education

    Conference Paper
    Education in the 21st Century: Challenges, Practices, and Development Trends
    Authors:
    Leela G. Gurbanova, Yana V. Kukhtina
    Work direction:
    От традиционной школы к образованию будущего: поиск эффективных решений
    Abstract:
    The article examines the potential of Automated Writing Evaluation (AWE) systems in foreign language teaching within the context of digital transformation in education. It analyzes the theoretical foundations of AWE implementation, their functional capabilities, and their pedagogical value in developing learners’ writing competence. Particular attention is paid to the advantages of automated feedback, including immediacy, increased learner autonomy, and enhanced motivation. The study includes a comparative analysis of students’ written work before and after the use of an AWE system, revealing a reduction in language errors and an overall improvement in writing quality. At the same time, certain limitations are identified, such as insufficient accuracy in assessing semantic content and the risk of superficial error correction. The study concludes that AWE systems are most effective when integrated into the educational process in combination with teacher guidance.
    Keywords:
    artificial intelligence, foreign language teaching, digitalization of education, feedback, Automated Writing Evaluation, AWE systems, writing competence
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  • INTEGRATION OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES AND ENGLISH IN EDUCATION: PROGRAMMING AS A LEARNING TOOL

    Conference Paper
    Education in the 21st Century: Challenges, Practices, and Development Trends
    Authors:
    Artiom G. Elizbarian, Anna S. Klimash, Inessa S. Kappusheva, Alena R. Novikova
    Work direction:
    От традиционной школы к образованию будущего: поиск эффективных решений
    Abstract:
    The article examines the possibilities of integrating English language learning and programming in the modern educational process. Based on an analysis of the role of English in the professional activities of programmers, the experience of using visual programming environments (Scratch) for foreign language teaching, and the possibilities of digital technologies in preparing language materials, an approach to the joint teaching of these disciplines is substantiated. Practical methodological recommendations for educators implementing this interdisciplinary approach are proposed.
    Keywords:
    English language, digital technologies, foreign language teaching, interdisciplinary integration, programming, Scratch, language barriers
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  • The relationship between emotional intelligence, growth mindset, and the pleasure of learning a foreign language with the psychological well-being of future linguistic educators

    Conference Paper
    Psychological and Pedagogical Research – Tula Region
    Author:
    Iuliia V. Frolova
    Work direction:
    Психология профессиональной деятельности: мотивация, карьерное развитие, самоменеджмент, командообразование
    Abstract:
    This article presents the results of an empirical analysis of the relationships between psychological well-being (the PERMA model) and professionally significant personal resources among linguistics students at a pedagogical university. A cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of 100 fourth-year students. Using nonparametric statistics (Spearman's ρ, Mann–Whitney U test), the formation of a "resource cluster" was confirmed: growth mindset and foreign language learning enjoyment demonstrate a strong mutual relationship (ρ = 0.692), while emotional intelligence is most closely associated with well-being (ρ = 0.745). An analysis of extreme groups (25th/75th percentiles) revealed a significant superiority of students with high PERMA scores across all three resources (r = 0.45–0.61). A weak non-significant relationship was found between engagement and self-control (ρ = 0.193, p = 0.054), which does not contradict theoretical conceptions of engagement.
    Keywords:
    emotional intelligence, psychological well-being, PERMA model, growth mindset, foreign language learning enjoyment, pre-service language teachers
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  • Linguocultural Potential of Cartoons in Teaching Russian to Primary School Students from Foreign Citizens' Families

    Conference Paper
    Psychological and Pedagogical Support of General, Special and Inclusive Education of Children and Adults
    Author:
    Mariia N. Pashkova
    Work direction:
    Культурологический подход к обучению и развитию детей и подростков, в том числе школьников из семей иностранных граждан
    Abstract:
    This article analyzes the growing role of animation as a powerful tool for conveying cultural meanings in teaching Russian language and culture to primary school students from foreign families. Animated films are considered a unique cultural phenomenon, known for their global distribution and broad impact on students' conceptual worldviews. Animation is analyzed as a special type of polycode discourse, which represents a unique linguacultural phenomenon. A linguacultural analysis of animated discourse is conducted, revealing the specifics of the interaction between language and culture.
    Keywords:
    education, Russian language, linguacultural studies, animated films, primary school students from foreign families
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  • The Role of Visualization in Learning Russian Language Rules: The Infographic Method

    Conference Paper
    Modern educational process: psychological and pedagogical support, educational strategies
    Authors:
    Irina V. Zenzeria, Anastasiia R. Burdyko
    Work direction:
    Филологическое образование в современных условиях
    Abstract:
    The article examines the effectiveness of using infographics in Russian language classes at secondary schools. Based on practical experience of teaching in the 5th grade, the article demonstrates the effectiveness of using infographic materials in teaching spelling rules and morphological features of the noun. The study shows how modern visual technologies can help students overcome the difficulties of processing large amounts of information.
    Keywords:
    teaching methods, visualization, Russian language, infographics, and visual aids
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  • Dialectical Contradictions Coaching as an Innovative Developmental Practice Based on the Language Personality Theory.

    Conference Paper
    Coaching psychology: methodology, theory, practice. Evidence-based approach
    Author:
    Sergei V. Golubkov
    Work direction:
    Теоретические подходы в коучинге и их эффективность
    Abstract:
    Статья посвящена рассмотрению инновационной развивающей практики, основанной на языковой феноменологии личности. Опираясь на диалектическую философию Г. Гегеля и культурно-историческую психологию Л. С. Выготского, автор показывает, что внутренние противоречия являются не патологией, а главным двигателем и необходимым условием развития человека. При этом традиционные психологические школы (психоанализ, бихевиоризм, гуманистическая и когнитивная психология) описывают лишь отдельные виды противоречий, из-за чего в практике развивающей работы до сих пор остро ощущается недостаток их единой и полной системы. Чтобы восполнить этот пробел, автор предлагает использовать языковую теорию личности (ЯТЛ), основанную на разработках Московской семантической школы Ю. Д. Апресяна. Анализ человеческого языка позволяет построить модель человека, защищенную от субъективного взгляда исследователя. Научная новизна работы заключается в переходе от плоскостных табличных описаний структуры личности к объемному моделированию. На основе восьми компонентов наивной языковой картины человека создана объемная трехмерная модель – «куб личности». Данная модель позволила выделить и описать полную систему из 28-ми типов внутриличностных противоречий (одномерных, двумерных и трехмерных), различающихся по глубине и сложности их осознания, с примерами их существования в языке и культуре. В статье представлена четырехуровневая модель осознавания противоречий (от отрицания до принятия), а также модель диагностики клиента, на основе которой создается профиль актуальной личностной зрелости. Описан метод коучинга диалектических противоречий (КДП) и система развивающих заданий WISDOM, помогающая коучу и клиенту планомерно повышать уровень осознанности и продвигаться к возможности интегрировать внутренние противоречия, превращая их в источник личностного роста. Методологическую основу работы составили положения Г. Гегеля о диалектическом «снятии» противоречия, концепция языковой картины человека Ю. Д. Апресяна, фундаментальная лексическая гипотеза (Л. Голдберг, Г. Олпорт), положение Л. С. Выготского о культурном развитии высших психических функций, положение Л. М. Веккера о трехкомпонентной структуре психики, положения С. Л. Рубинштейна о зрелости личности.
    Keywords:
    personality development, dialectical contradiction coaching (DCC), language personality theory (LPT), personality cube, intrapersonal contradictions, levels of awareness, personality maturity, WISDOM system of developmental tasks, integration of contradictions, naive picture of man, lexical hypothesis, personality phenomenology, Moscow Semantic School, binary oppositions, developmental practices
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  • Metacognition in Learning Languages

    Conference Paper
    The development of modern education in the context of educational competence
    Authors:
    Karina U. Mamaeva, Yana V. Kukhtina, Anastasia V. Filipskaya, Inessa S. Kappusheva
    Work direction:
    Теория и методика развития образовательных компетенций обучающихся
    Abstract:
    This paper explores metacognition-the ability to monitor and regulate cognitive processes. It synthesizes key definitions, describes core components, and presents developmental levels. Particular attention is given to metacognition's application in language learning, where strategic self-regulation fosters proficiency, autonomy, and efficient acquisition.
    Keywords:
    education, psychology, neuroscience, metacognition, language learning
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  • The evolution of the Lawyer's image in 2024-2026: from classical archetypes to digital identity and AI communications

    Book Chapter
    Development of the Russian socio-economic system: challenges and prospects
    Author:
    Aleksandr I. Kugai
    Work direction:
    Глава 17
    Abstract:
    This chapter examines the complex transformation of the professional image of lawyers in the context of the total digitalization and media coverage of the legal environment in 2024–2026. The author analyzes the impact of digital communications, artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, and the publicity of legal proceedings on reputation formation and the effectiveness of legal defense. Historical and cultural archetypes of the lawyer's image in fiction and cinema are examined, paralleling them with modern demands for flexibility, mobility, and moral choice. Particular attention is paid to the «Pyramid of Meanings» and nonverbal aspects of communication (body language), which remain critical in the era of AI dominance. Case studies from recent years demonstrate how impression management and digital reputation are becoming tangible factors influencing the outcomes of high-profile court cases.
    Keywords:
    justice, case study, reputation, body language, lawyer image, digital communication, brand, media coverage
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  • The importance of integrating cultural aspects into language teaching

    Book Chapter
    Pedagogy and psychology as sciences of building the potential of modern society
    Author:
    Aleksandr I. Kugai
    Work direction:
    Глава 9
    Abstract:
    There is a hidden but persistent resistance among foreign language teachers to moving beyond a purely linguistic perspective and away from a fragmented presentation of cultural facts toward a systemic cultural approach. This chapter analyzes the historical and social roots of this resistance in the educational systems of the United States, France, and Ireland. It outlines the principles of a discourse-based pedagogy that views culture as language and language as culture, and that makes the process of enunciation itself the locus of cultural difference and personal choice. Such a pedagogy allows teachers to celebrate the diversity they find in the target culture and in the cultures present in their own classrooms while remaining fundamentally and fundamentally «language» teachers.
    Keywords:
    education, foreign language, teacher, culture, USA, France, Ireland
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