List of publications on a keyword: «learning»
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Moral dilemmas in Russian literature: how discussing conflicts in class motivates social engagement.
Conference Paper
Education, innovation, research as a resource for community development- Authors:
- Anastasiia R. Burdyko, Irina V. Zenzeria
- Work direction:
- Филология в системе образования
- Abstract:
- The article examines the methodology for discussing moral dilemmas in literature lessons in the 9th grade, using the material from A. S. Griboyedov’s comedy “Woe from Wit.” The developed model links the analysis of a classical text with the formation of a pro‑social orientation in the teenager’s personality and their readiness for social participation. A system of lesson‑by‑lesson work is proposed.
- Keywords:
- Moral dilemma, social engagement, prosocial behavior, the comedy “Woe from Wit, ” 9th grade, Federal working program, literary education, moral reflection, problem‑based learning
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Using project‑based learning to improve the quality of teaching economic disciplines in military universities
Conference Paper
Education, innovation, research as a resource for community development- Author:
- Svetlana A. Krasnova
- Work direction:
- Использование нестандартных решений для повышения качества, доступности и эффективности образования
- Abstract:
- The article examines a methodology for enhancing learning through project‑based learning. The concept of project‑based learning is defined, and its importance for improving the quality of training for cadets at higher military educational institutions is highlighted. The application of the project‑based learning method is analysed using examples from disciplines in the economic block of training for cadets and students at different levels of education. A model for implementing this methodology in other disciplines of the educational process is proposed.
- Keywords:
- project‑based learning, Activation of learning, lean management
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AI Chatbots as a Non-Standard Method of Learning English
Conference Paper
Education, innovation, research as a resource for community development- Authors:
- Ряднова Дарья Ивановна, Mariia L. Korepanova, Olga V. Sharapova
- Work direction:
- Использование нестандартных решений для повышения качества, доступности и эффективности образования
- Abstract:
- The article examines the use of artificial intelligence (AI) chatbots as an additional tool for learning English by students. The relevance of the topic is due to the spread of generative AI and the availability of dialogue systems. The purpose of the work is to determine the possibilities of using AI chatbots in independent language practice and to evaluate the advantages and limitations of this approach. The analysis and generalization of scientific literature, including systematic reviews, were used. It is shown that chatbots allow conducting a dialogue in English, receiving feedback, creating exercises adapted to the learner's level, and reduce anxiety when speaking. Risks are highlighted: inaccuracy of answers, lack of live communication, reliance on ready-made answers, and data protection. It is concluded that AI chatbots complement but do not replace the teacher.
- Keywords:
- artificial intelligence, digital education, personalized learning, ChatGPT, English language learning, chatbot, language practice
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COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF DIDACTIC DIFFICULTIES FACED BY STUDENTS IN PSYCHOLOGY-PEDAGOGY CLASSES
Conference Paper
Education, innovation, research as a resource for community development- Authors:
- Aleksei K. Osin, Anton S. Kuznetsov
- Work direction:
- Исследования в образовании и образовательные практики как инструмент принятия решений
- Abstract:
- The article presents the results of a comprehensive analysis of didactic difficulties faced by students in psychology and pedagogy classes. The relevance of the study is determined by the need for early diagnosis and prevention of learning barriers among schoolchildren who have made a conscious choice of a teaching profession at the pre university stage. Based on a theoretical review and empirical data (questionnaires, pedagogical observation, analysis of learning products), a multicomponent structure of difficulties experienced by high school students has been identified. It has been established that these difficulties are systemic in nature and are обусловлены by three key factors: cognitive, metasubject, and psychological. It has been proven that the existing teaching format in specialized classes is often focused on the reproductive acquisition of knowledge, which contradicts the requirements for a future teacher as a subject of creative and research activities.
- Keywords:
- career guidance, academic underachievement, didactic difficulties, psychological and pedagogical classes (PPC), metacognitive competencies, cognitive barriers in learning, psychological readiness for teaching, tutoring support, professional trials
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Specifics of the Impact of Tablet Use in Turkmen Schools on Students' Attention Span
Conference Paper
Education, innovation, research as a resource for community development- Authors:
- Shokhrat Dzhumakulyev, Aleksei K. Osin
- Work direction:
- Исследования в образовании и образовательные практики как инструмент принятия решений
- Abstract:
- This article presents an empirical study on the impact of using tablets as the primary learning tool on the attention span of primary and secondary school students in Turkmenistan. A direct correlation was established between the duration of continuous screen interaction and the frequency of distractions. Optimal time intervals for tablet use were identified to maintain high levels of student performance.
- Keywords:
- digitalization of education, e-education, electronic devices, tablet-based learning, attention concentration, sustained attention, cognitive load, schoolchildren in Turkmenistan
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The evolution of theoretical concepts regarding the professional interaction of teachers: from the collective to shared professionalism.
Conference PaperModern education: innovations, challenges and solutions- Author:
- Natalia S. Gubatenko
- Work direction:
- Инновации в образовательной деятельности педагога
- Abstract:
- The article compares Western and domestic theories of teacher interaction. The relevance is due to the lack of a unified terminology (collective, team, cooperation, learning community, joint professional learning). The methodology includes comparative analysis, systematization, generalization, and historical‑pedagogical reconstruction. It is shown that foreign approaches emphasize process‑psychological aspects (interaction, distributed leadership, team roles, psychological safety), while domestic approaches focus on collective‑educational properties, the management environment, and humanism. A shift from a structural to a qualitative understanding has been identified. The following problems have been identified: de‑privatization of activities, trust as social capital, decentralized management, and the informatization of communication. The need for a comprehensive theory of the development of interprofessional relations in the modern school has been substantiated.
- Keywords:
- pedagogical community, collaboration, professional communication, deconstruction of activities, delegation of responsibility, professional learning community
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Lifelong education as a pedagogical recourse for professional development in the context of digitalization
Book Chapter
Contemporary Educational Technologies: Psychology and Pedagogy- Authors:
- Maksim V. Somov, Svetlana G. Dunkevich
- Work direction:
- Глава 3
- Abstract:
- The chapter examines the phenomenon of continuing education as an integrative pedagogical resource for the professional development of the individual in the context of digitalization. The aim is to determine the potential of this phenomenon and to substantiate aspects of its practical application, which involves an analysis of institutional, personal, and competence-based approaches, needs diagnostics, goal-setting, the development of a behavioral model, the selection of digital resources, practical testing, and evaluation of results. It is noted that effectiveness in this process is ensured by conscious motivation, personalization of content, pedagogical support, practical orientation, and regular reflection. The promise of modular program design is substantiated, as it ensures flexibility of learning while preserving the overall goal and content sequence.
- Keywords:
- pedagogical support, digitalization of education, lifelong learning, individual learning pathway, independent learning
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The results of the Unified State Exam in Russian as an indicator of the success of school philological education
Book Chapter
Contemporary Educational Technologies: Psychology and Pedagogy- Author:
- Ol'ga S. Andreeva
- Work direction:
- Глава 10
- Abstract:
- The chapter examines the learning deficits of participants in the Unified State Exam (USE) in Russian and identifies the tasks that cause the greatest difficulties. The relevance is driven by the role of the Russian language as a means of mastering other disciplines and as a foundation for socialization, as well as by the significance of the State Final Assessment (SFA) results as an indicator of the success of the entire system of school philological education. The aim of the study is to identify learning deficits; the objectives include studying the statistical data of the 2025 USE in the Rostov Region, analyzing the causes of errors, and determining ways to overcome them. A decline in the average test score is noted, associated with increased objectivity of the exam, its practice-oriented nature, and the growing demand for reading literacy. The necessity of correction on an activity-based foundation, text-centrism, formative assessment, the development of logical thinking, and cognitive universal learning activities (ULAs) is substantiated. Recommendations are given to primary school teachers and teachers of Russian language and literature on adjusting work programs and using productive technologies.
- Keywords:
- meta-subject results, methodological recommendations, state final certification, test score, learning deficits
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Active biology teaching methods: modern approaches
Book Chapter
Contemporary Educational Technologies: Psychology and Pedagogy- Authors:
- Olga V. Khotuliova, Igor E. Zykov
- Work direction:
- Глава 12
- Abstract:
- The chapter examines active methods of teaching biology as a means of enhancing students’ cognitive activity, independence, and motivation. It reveals modern approaches to organizing the educational process, based on problem-based, project-based, research-based, and practice-oriented learning. Special attention is paid to the use of discussions, practical work, laboratory research, educational projects, excursions, group and game activities, as well as digital educational resources. It has been shown that the use of active methods contributes to the development of subject-specific and meta-subject competencies, the development of critical thinking, communication skills, the ability to analyze information, and the application of biological knowledge in practical situations. The conditions for the effective use of active methods in biology lessons have been identified: taking into account the age-related and individual characteristics of students, clearly setting goals, organizing cooperation, and objectively assessing the results of the activities.
- Keywords:
- cognitive activity, biological education, biology, problem-based learning, group work, research activities, critical thinking, modern educational technologies, digital educational resources, practice-oriented learning, project-based activities, active learning methods
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Mathematical excursions as a means of developing cognitive interest of basic school students in the context of education digitalization
Book Chapter
Contemporary Educational Technologies: Psychology and Pedagogy- Authors:
- Daria I. Zolotukhina, Mariia E. Ivaniuk
- Work direction:
- Глава 13
- Abstract:
- The problem of declining cognitive interest in mathematics among a significant part of basic school students remains acute in the context of education digitalization. The abstract nature of mathematical content, insufficient connection with real life and traditional forms of organizing learning often lead to formal acquisition of material and loss of intrinsic motivation. The purpose of the study is to theoretically substantiate the possibilities of mathematical excursions (field, virtual and blended) as a means of developing cognitive interest of students in grades 5–9 in a digital educational environment. The methodological basis was formed by the activity approach (A.N. Leontiev, V.V. Davydov), the theory of problem-based learning (M.I. Makhmutov, I.Ya. Lerner), the concept of cognitive interest (G.I. Shchukina, N.G. Morozova, A.K. Markova) and the ideas of connectivism (G. Siemens). The paper provides a theoretical analysis of the psychological and pedagogical features of the formation of interest in mathematics among adolescents, systematizes the typology of mathematical excursions, reveals the role of digital technologies in the transformation of this method, and identifies pedagogical conditions for its effectiveness. The result of the study is the clarification of conceptual provisions significant for modern methods of teaching mathematics and the substantiation of a set of pedagogical conditions that ensure the developmental effect of mathematical excursions in the context of digitalization.
- Keywords:
- activity approach, problem-based learning, digital educational environment, cognitive interest, basic school, blended learning, mathematics teaching methods, virtual excursions, mathematical excursions, education digitalization
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Mathematical excursions as a means of forming geometric representations of students in grades 5–7 in the context of education digitalization
Book Chapter
Contemporary Educational Technologies: Psychology and Pedagogy- Authors:
- Daria I. Zolotukhina, Mariia E. Ivaniuk
- Work direction:
- Глава 14
- Abstract:
- The problem of forming complete geometric representations among students in grades 5–7 remains relevant in the transition to the systematic geometry course. Traditional methods relying mainly on static drawings and models often fail to provide the necessary level of dynamism and generalization of spatial images. The purpose of the study is to theoretically substantiate the potential of mathematical excursions (field, virtual and blended) as a means of forming geometric representations of schoolchildren in a digital educational environment. The paper provides a theoretical analysis of the content of the concept of «geometric representations» at the propaedeutic stage, systematizes the didactic possibilities of excursion formats, and substantiates the expediency of relying on the «Visual Geometry» course. The result of the study is a theoretical model for organizing mathematical excursions, including target, content, procedural and resultant components. The model can serve as a basis for designing specific excursions aimed at developing spatial thinking and preparing students for the systematic geometry course.
- Keywords:
- blended learning, spatial thinking, virtual excursions, mathematical excursions, education digitalization, geometric representations, visual geometry, grades 5–7, dynamic geometry environments, geometry propaedeutics
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Comparative Analysis of Achievement Motivation Among Students of Lyceums and General Education Schools (A Case Study of a Major City in Turkmenistan)
Conference Paper
Socio-Economic Processes of Modern Society- Authors:
- Alydzhan Ioldashov, Aleksei K. Osin
- Work direction:
- Проблемы социализации и профессионального становления личности
- Abstract:
- The article presents the results of an empirical study on the achievement motivation of senior students in lyceums and general education schools in a major city in Turkmenistan. The study is relevant due to the ongoing reform of the national education system and the need for a differentiated approach to educating adolescents with varying levels of aspiration. A correlation was identified between the type of educational institution and the dominant motives driving academic activity.
- Keywords:
- educational environment, adolescence, general education school, learning activity, specialized education, Turkmenistan, achievement motivation, lyceum
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Creating an effective educational environment for the professional development of master’s‑altists in the context of higher education.
Conference Paper
Technopark of universal pedagogical competencies- Author:
- Fen Khan
- Work direction:
- Содержание и технологии профессионального образования
- Abstract:
- The article examines the key components of an effective educational environment for the professional development of master's students specializing in viola performance in higher education. The spatial-objective, program-methodological, information-communicative, and organizational-activity components of the environment are identified. The organizational and pedagogical conditions for optimizing the educational process are substantiated, taking into account the specifics of viola performance.
- Keywords:
- educational environment, professional development, organizational and pedagogical conditions, professional competencies, learning effectiveness, master's degree violists, performing individuality, components of educational environment, higher music education, innovative approaches in education
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Developing foreign‑language business communication skills in future engineers through role‑playing simulations in a hybrid educational environment
Book Chapter
Current Issues in Pedagogy and Psychology- Author:
- Tatiana V. Kudinova
- Work direction:
- Глава 5
- Abstract:
- This chapter examines the development of foreign language business communication for engineering students amidst the digital transformation of higher education. It justifies the didactic value of role-playing simulations in enhancing professional foreign language competencies. The study introduces a methodology for designing these simulations, tailored to engineering practice and delivered in a hybrid learning environment. It outlines the principles for creating English-language professional interaction scenarios that model typical engineering business situations. Empirical findings are presented, demonstrating the effectiveness of role-playing simulations in improving students' communicative skills. Finally, the paper discusses the didactic opportunities and limitations of this pedagogical approach.
- Keywords:
- communicative competence, engineering education, ESP, foreign language business communication, role-play simulations, hybrid learning environment
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A comparative analysis of the effectiveness of neural network‑driven versus algorithmic learning modules in higher mathematics education
Book Chapter
Current Issues in Pedagogy and Psychology- Author:
- Inga A. Chaikina
- Work direction:
- Глава 7
- Abstract:
- This chapter presents a comparative analysis of the effectiveness of two classes of digital educational tools used in teaching higher mathematics at the university level: neural network-based applications – generative language models and adaptive AI platforms – versus classical algorithmic products, including task databases, computer simulators, and mind maps. Drawing on an analysis of contemporary scientific research (2019–2026) and pedagogical practice, the study identifies the strengths and limitations inherent to each approach. It is established that neural networks possess considerable transformative potential for personalizing instruction and generating learning materials, yet fall short of algorithmic systems in terms of reliability, accuracy, and the capacity to foster robust computational skills. The findings substantiate the need for a hybrid strategy that integrates both types of tools, complemented by the active role of the instructor as a filter and moderator of AI-generated outputs.
- Keywords:
- artificial intelligence, comparative analysis, neural networks, digital transformation of education, higher mathematics, higher education pedagogy, algorithmic learning programs
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Gamification and Business Simulations as Interactive Methods of Shaping Economic Thinking in University Students in the Digital Age
Research Article
Development of education Volume 9 No 3- Author:
- Oksana M. Komarova
- Work direction:
- Pedagogy and Modern Education
- Abstract:
- The article addresses the achievement of high didactic effectiveness through the synthesis of gamification and business simulations, as well as its integration into university curricula and corporate training systems as a modern means of shaping economic thinking in the digital age. In the context of digital transformation and interdisciplinary research, the traditional concept of “economic thinking,” grounded in the postulates of classical and neoclassical schools, has long been conveyed through conventional teaching methods. Under current economic conditions, these methods demonstrate their limitations and inadequacy in forming theoretical knowledge, complex skills, and the personal qualities required of an active participant in economic activity. The modern digital business environment demands that potential market participants possess competencies in analytics and management, as well as skills in the effective application of key ICT and digital tools. Furthermore, the ability to build effective communication and collaboration, along with a readiness to make decisions under uncertainty, is essential. This circumstance determines the relevance of the conducted research, the aim of which is to assess the potential and demonstrate the effectiveness of interactive methods based on game mechanics (gamification) and simulation modeling (business simulations) for developing the structural components of economic thinking in the university educational process. The article presents the results of a comparative analysis of theoretical approaches, a review of methodological foundations, and a description of practical cases involving the implementation of a model for integrating game mechanisms and modules into educational and corporate training systems. It is proven that interactive methods not only increase engagement but also structurally transform the cognitive models and beliefs of learners, fostering applied economic thinking. Empirical data from a pedagogical experiment conducted at the State University of Humanities and Technology (Faculty of Mathematics, Physics, and Economics, Management program) confirm a statistically significant increase in the studied components.
- Keywords:
- gamification, business simulations, economic thinking, interactive learning methods, behavioral economics
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On the issue of increasing students' learning motivation in foreign language classes: the psychological and pedagogical aspect and the "Teacher's immediacy" technique
Book Chapter
Theoretical and practical aspects of pedagogy and psychology- Authors:
- Gulnaz R. Sitdikova, Liliia A. Malakhova, Zinaida N. Serova
- Work direction:
- Глава 9
- Abstract:
- The chapter discusses the problem of reducing the motivation of non-linguistic students when learning a foreign language at a higher education institution. The authors analyze the potential of using the concept of «teacher's immediacy» as an effective tool for increasing the engagement and cognitive activity of students. The chapter highlights the verbal and non-verbal components of this phenomenon and explains their role in creating a comfortable psychological environment. The chapter provides examples of practical exercises aimed at implementing the principles of teacher's immediacy in the educational process at a higher education institution.
- Keywords:
- higher education, foreign language, psychological climate, verbal communication, learning motivation, non-verbal communication, teacher’s immediacy
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RESEARCH OF MOTIVATIONAL ASPECTS OF CONTINUOUS PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF TEACHERS
Conference Paper
The Topical Issues of the Humanities and Social Sciences- Authors:
- Aleksandr S. Kuznetsov, Aleksei K. Osin
- Work direction:
- Проблемы непрерывного образования
- Abstract:
- The article reveals the importance of professional self-development for teachers, emphasizing its role in the continuous improvement of personality and professional competence. The authors explore how the main driving forces in a teacher's work influence their desire to develop. Based on a survey of teachers who have completed advanced training, data on their motives for teaching are presented. These motifs are systematized by frequency of occurrence, taking into account their internal or external nature.
- Keywords:
- educational innovations, pedagogical activity, professional development, motivation of teachers, continuous learning, incentives for growth, self-improvement of teachers, career growth of teachers
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USING DIGITAL EDUCATIONAL PLATFORMS TO IMPROVE MATHEMATICS TEACHING IN SCHOOLS
Conference Paper
The Topical Issues of the Humanities and Social Sciences- Author:
- Ekaterina V. Markova
- Work direction:
- Тенденции развития цифрового образования
- Abstract:
- The article examines the possibilities of using digital educational platforms to improve the effectiveness of teaching mathematics at school. Special attention is paid to their didactic potential, including the visualization of mathematical content, organization of practice activities, automated assessment, diagnosis of learning difficulties, and support for an individual learning pace. It is shown that the effectiveness of digital platforms depends not merely on their use, but on their methodologically justified integration into the educational process, their relevance to the topic content, and the nature of students’ learning activities.
- Keywords:
- independent work, visualization, school education, digital educational platforms, mathematics teaching, individualized learning, didactic potential, error diagnosis
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Digital ecosystems as a resource for the formation and development of an educational community
Conference Paper
The Topical Issues of the Humanities and Social Sciences- Authors:
- Kristina F. Iliasova, Sofiia D. Nikitina, Vladimir V. Gradov, Arsenii I. Sobolevskii, Natalia E. Cherniavskaia
- Work direction:
- Тенденции развития цифрового образования
- Abstract:
- This article analyses the transformation of the educational environment under the influence of digitalisation of economic and social processes. It substantiates that the digital ecosystem acts not merely as a technological add-on, but as a system-forming resource for the formation and development of an educational community. The structural elements of the new educational ecosystem, its advantages and challenges are examined. Special attention is paid to the synthesis of technological equipment and the creative potential of participants in the educational process as a necessary condition for training personnel for the digital economy. The authors conclude that the effective functioning of a digital ecosystem is possible only with coordinated changes in teacher training approaches, assessment practices and educational policy.
- Keywords:
- network interaction, digital competencies, educational community, TPACK, digital ecosystem, creativity in education, personalised learning
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The role of digital trackers and mobile applications in the process of physical education and sports at a university.
Conference Paper
The Topical Issues of the Humanities and Social Sciences- Author:
- Maksim V. Shaposhnikov
- Work direction:
- Тенденции развития цифрового образования
- Abstract:
- The article examines the potential of using digital trackers (fitness bracelets, smart watches, and heart rate monitors) and mobile applications in the physical education process at a university. It analyzes the possibilities of transitioning from subjective assessment of "presence and effort" to objective monitoring of physical activity, as well as the conditions for personalizing the educational process based on individual data. The article identifies the main barriers to implementation (cost, data validity, privacy, and methodological unpreparedness of teachers) and suggests ways to overcome them.
- Keywords:
- physical education, universities, personalized learning, mobile apps, Digital trackers, fitness bracelets, workload control, and digital transformation of education
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Digitalization in the Teaching of Physical Education at a Higher Education Institution.
Conference Paper
The Topical Issues of the Humanities and Social Sciences- Author:
- Maksim V. Shaposhnikov
- Work direction:
- Тенденции развития цифрового образования
- Abstract:
- The article discusses current issues of digital transformation of physical education teaching at a higher educational institution. Key areas are analyzed: the organization of distance and blended learning, the improvement of assessment systems with the transition from formal attendance records to a point-rating system and a digital portfolio. The experience of Russian and foreign universities is summarized, and the main problems of implementing digital tools are identified. A comparative analysis of scientific and methodological literature is conducted, and the practical achievements of various universities are summarized.
- Keywords:
- artificial intelligence, distance learning, physical education, digitalization of education, point-rating system, higher education institution, video technologies
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Innovatsionnye tekhnologii i geimifikatsiia v obuchenii angliiskomu iazyku: kognitivnye aspekty i effektivnost'
Conference Paper
The Topical Issues of the Humanities and Social Sciences- Authors:
- Konstantin A. Butchanin, Karmal Z. Aidari, Inessa S. Kappusheva
- Work direction:
- Тенденции развития цифрового образования
- Abstract:
- В статье рассматривается влияние цифровых технологий, геймификации и интеллектуальных образовательных платформ на процесс обучения английскому языку в школах и вузах. Анализируются когнитивные механизмы восприятия информации, особенности функционирования рабочей памяти и влияние игровых механик на мотивацию обучающихся. Представлены результаты сравнительного анализа традиционных и инновационных методов обучения, а также сформулированы методические рекомендации по интеграции цифровых инструментов в образовательный процесс.
- Keywords:
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Modern Learning Technologies in the Context of the Digital Transformation of Education
Conference Paper
The Topical Issues of the Humanities and Social Sciences- Authors:
- Daniil E. Fedorov, Nikita M. Khairutdinov, Anastasia V. Filipskaya
- Work direction:
- Тенденции развития цифрового образования
- Abstract:
- This article explores the integration of modern digital learning technologies into the educational process under the conditions of global digital transformation. The research highlights the primary methodologies for implementing digital educational resources, including Learning Management Systems (LMS), artificial intelligence for adaptive learning, and gamification. By analyzing both the advantages and the fundamental challenges such as the digital divide and the professional burnout of educators, the study proposes a comprehensive framework for sustainable educational digitalization. The results indicate a significant increase in student engagement when interactive technologies are employed, emphasizing the need for ongoing pedagogical support.
- Keywords:
- inclusive education, distance learning, digitalization, digital transformation, educational platforms, modern learning technologies
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The influence of types of thinking on the effectiveness of learning English
Conference Paper
The Topical Issues of the Humanities and Social Sciences- Authors:
- Ekaterina A. Petrenko, Daniil A. Skarlat, Daniil A. Maiorov, Nina E. Ioffe
- Work direction:
- Филология в системе образования
- Abstract:
- The article examines the influence of different types of thinking on the process of learning English by students of higher educational institutions. The article examines the features of analytical, creative and practical thinking, as well as their impact on the assimilation of vocabulary, grammar and the development of communication skills. The analysis of modern educational approaches and digital tools for teaching foreign languages is carried out. The results of a study among students of technical training are presented. The conclusion is made about the need for a personalized approach to teaching English, taking into account the cognitive characteristics of students.
- Keywords:
- foreign language, communication, memory, educational technologies, types of thinking, English, cognitive features, student learning